Alabama
Alabama Voyeurism Laws: Hidden Cameras, Penalties, and Victim Rights
Independently fact-checked against primary sources (last audited August 15, 2026). · Reviewed by the RecordingLaw editorial team. · Law checked current as of August 15, 2026. · 6 primary sources cited on this page. How we verify our legal content
Alabama criminalizes voyeurism under Ala. Code 13A-11-32.1, making aggravated criminal surveillance a Class C felony with up to 10 years in prison for engaging in surveillance of a person in a private place without consent for sexual gratification, whether or not a device is used. Basic criminal surveillance under Ala. Code 13A-11-32 is a Class B misdemeanor requiring trespass.
Alabama law treats voyeurism and hidden camera offenses seriously, with penalties ranging from misdemeanors to felonies depending on the circumstances. The state's aggravated criminal surveillance statute broadly targets non-consensual surveillance of people in private places for sexual gratification, whether or not a device is used, and Alabama's revenge porn law addresses the nonconsensual distribution of intimate images.
This guide covers Alabama's voyeurism-related laws in 2026, including the relevant statutes, specific prohibited conduct, criminal penalties, civil remedies for victims, and how these laws interact with broader recording and privacy rules.
Alabama Voyeurism Statutes
Ala. Code 13A-11-32: Criminal Surveillance
Ala. Code 13A-11-32 establishes the basic offense of criminal surveillance. A person commits criminal surveillance by intentionally engaging in surveillance in a private place while trespassing.
Under Ala. Code 13A-11-30, key definitions include:
- Surveillance: Secret observation of the activities of another person for the purpose of spying upon and invading the privacy of the person observed
- Private place: A place where one may reasonably expect to be safe from casual or hostile intrusion or surveillance
Criminal surveillance is a Class B misdemeanor punishable by up to 6 months in jail and a $3,000 fine. This offense requires both surveillance in a private place and trespassing.
Ala. Code 13A-11-32.1: Aggravated Criminal Surveillance
Ala. Code 13A-11-32.1 is Alabama's primary anti-voyeurism statute. This law makes it a Class C felony for a person to intentionally engage in surveillance of another person in a location where the individual has a reasonable expectation of privacy, without that person's consent, when the purpose of the observation is sexual gratification. The statute does not require a device; bare-eye observation for sexual gratification is covered just as much as recording.
Key elements of the offense include:
- Intentionally: The person must act intentionally, not accidentally
- Engages in surveillance: This covers direct observation as well as using cameras, smartphones, hidden recording equipment, or any other technology capable of visual capture; no device is required
- Reasonable expectation of privacy, without consent: The victim must be in a place where they would reasonably expect to be free from observation and must not have consented
- Sexual gratification: The purpose of the surveillance must be sexual gratification of the person doing the observing or a third party
The maximum penalty is 10 years in prison and a $15,000 fine.
Ala. Code 13A-6-240: Distribution of Private Images
Ala. Code 13A-6-240 addresses what is commonly called "revenge porn." This statute makes it illegal to knowingly distribute an intimate image of another person without that person's written consent to the transmission, when the person distributing the image knows or should know that the depicted person expected the image to remain private.
- First offense: Class A misdemeanor (up to 1 year in jail, $6,000 fine)
- Subsequent offenses: Class C felony (up to 10 years in prison, $15,000 fine)
The statute applies regardless of how the original image was created. Even if the image was originally shared consensually between intimate partners, distributing it publicly or to third parties without the depicted person's written consent to that distribution is a crime.
Specific Types of Voyeuristic Conduct in Alabama
Hidden Cameras in Bathrooms and Restrooms
Placing a hidden camera in a bathroom, restroom, or any facility used for bathing or personal hygiene is one of the most common voyeurism offenses prosecuted in Alabama. This applies to:
- Public restrooms in businesses, parks, and government buildings
- Bathrooms in private residences when the victim is a guest, tenant, or household member
- Portable restroom facilities at events and construction sites
- Shower facilities in gyms, pools, and dormitories
This conduct falls under aggravated criminal surveillance (Ala. Code 13A-11-32.1) when the purpose is sexual gratification, making it a Class C felony.
Hidden Cameras in Bedrooms and Private Living Spaces
Installing hidden cameras in bedrooms, hotel rooms, guest rooms, or other private living spaces to observe someone without their knowledge is illegal under Alabama law. Common scenarios include:
- A landlord placing a hidden camera in a tenant's bedroom
- An Airbnb or vacation rental host hiding cameras in sleeping areas
- A partner or spouse placing hidden cameras to record an intimate partner without consent
- A roommate hiding cameras in shared private spaces
Upskirting and Downblousing
Using a camera, smartphone, or other device to photograph or film under a person's clothing or down their shirt without consent is illegal in Alabama. While the aggravated criminal surveillance statute does not use the specific terms "upskirting" or "downblousing," this conduct falls within the statute's prohibition on using a device to observe or photograph a person in circumstances where they have a reasonable expectation of privacy, particularly with regard to areas of the body not normally exposed in public.
Peeping Tom Conduct
Traditional "peeping tom" behavior, such as looking through windows into private spaces to observe someone undressing or engaging in intimate activities, can be prosecuted under Alabama law:
- If the person is trespassing while observing, Ala. Code 13A-11-32 (criminal surveillance) applies
- If the purpose is sexual gratification, Ala. Code 13A-11-32.1 (aggravated criminal surveillance) applies, whether or not the person uses a device to record
- General trespassing charges may also apply under Ala. Code 13A-7-2 through 13A-7-4
Recording in Locker Rooms and Changing Areas
Hidden cameras in locker rooms, changing rooms, dressing rooms, and fitting rooms are prohibited. Alabama law treats these spaces as areas with a reasonable expectation of privacy. Both commercial establishments (gyms, retail stores, swimming facilities) and public institutions (schools, recreation centers) must ensure these areas are free from surveillance devices.
Penalties for Voyeurism Offenses in Alabama
| Offense | Statute | Classification | Maximum Jail/Prison | Maximum Fine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Criminal surveillance | 13A-11-32 | Class B misdemeanor | 6 months in jail | $3,000 |
| Aggravated criminal surveillance | 13A-11-32.1 | Class C felony | 10 years in prison | $15,000 |
| Distribution of private images (first) | 13A-6-240 | Class A misdemeanor | 1 year in jail | $6,000 |
| Distribution of private images (subsequent) | 13A-6-240 | Class C felony | 10 years in prison | $15,000 |
| Installing eavesdropping device | 13A-11-33 | Class C felony | 10 years in prison | $15,000 |
Sex Offender Registration
Alabama's sex offender registration requirements are governed by the Alabama Sex Offender Registration and Community Notification Act (ASORCNA). Whether a voyeurism conviction triggers sex offender registration depends on the specific offense and circumstances. Aggravated criminal surveillance convictions involving sexual gratification may require registration, depending on judicial determination.
Enhanced Penalties for Crimes Against Minors
When voyeurism offenses involve minor victims, additional charges may apply, including:
- Possession of child pornography if the hidden camera captured images of minors in sexual situations
- Production of child pornography under both state and federal law
- Possession or dissemination of child sexual abuse material under Ala. Code 13A-12-192
Federal charges under 18 U.S.C. 2252 may also apply when images of minors are created, possessed, or distributed.
Civil Remedies for Voyeurism Victims
Types of Civil Claims
Victims of voyeurism in Alabama can pursue civil lawsuits against the perpetrator for:
- Invasion of privacy (intrusion upon seclusion): Alabama courts recognize this tort when someone intentionally intrudes upon the solitude or private affairs of another in a manner that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person
- Intentional infliction of emotional distress: When the voyeuristic conduct is extreme and outrageous and causes severe emotional distress
- Negligent infliction of emotional distress: In some circumstances where the conduct, while not intentional, was negligent
- Public disclosure of private facts: If the images or recordings are shared or published
Potential Damages
Civil lawsuits for voyeurism can result in:
- Compensatory damages for emotional distress, therapy costs, and other harm
- Punitive damages to punish the perpetrator and deter similar conduct
- Attorney fees in some cases
- Injunctive relief ordering the destruction of recordings and prohibiting further contact
Statute of Limitations
Alabama's statute of limitations for personal injury and privacy torts is generally two years from the date the victim knew or should have known about the offense under Ala. Code 6-2-38. Victims should consult with an attorney promptly to ensure their claims are filed within the applicable deadline.
What to Do if You Are a Victim of Voyeurism in Alabama
Immediate Steps
- Preserve evidence: Do not delete or destroy any evidence of the voyeuristic conduct. Take screenshots, save messages, and document what you know.
- Contact law enforcement: File a police report with your local law enforcement agency. Provide all evidence you have gathered.
- Seek medical or psychological support: Voyeurism can cause significant emotional trauma. Contact a counselor, therapist, or victim advocacy organization.
- Do not confront the perpetrator alone: Let law enforcement handle the investigation.
Reporting Resources
- Local police department or county sheriff's office
- Alabama Law Enforcement Agency (ALEA)
- National Sexual Assault Hotline: 1-800-656-HOPE (4673), operated by RAINN
- Alabama Coalition Against Domestic Violence: For victims in domestic situations
- FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3): For online distribution of intimate images
Legal Representation
Victims of voyeurism should consider consulting with a civil attorney who handles privacy and personal injury cases. Many attorneys offer free initial consultations for voyeurism cases. An attorney can advise you on both criminal prosecution and civil remedies available under Alabama law.
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is the penalty for voyeurism in Alabama?
Aggravated criminal surveillance under Ala. Code 13A-11-32.1 is a Class C felony punishable by up to 10 years in prison and a $15,000 fine. This applies when someone engages in surveillance of a person in a private place without consent for sexual gratification, whether or not a device is used. Basic criminal surveillance is a Class B misdemeanor with up to 6 months in jail.
Is revenge porn illegal in Alabama?
Yes. Ala. Code 13A-6-240 makes it a crime to distribute intimate images without the depicted person's written consent to the transmission. A first offense is a Class A misdemeanor (up to 1 year in jail, $6,000 fine). Subsequent offenses are a Class C felony (up to 10 years in prison, $15,000 fine).
What should I do if I find a hidden camera in my bathroom or bedroom in Alabama?
Do not touch or remove the camera. Preserve the evidence, document what you see with photos, and contact local law enforcement immediately to file a police report. The person who installed the camera may face felony charges under Ala. Code 13A-11-32.1 (aggravated criminal surveillance) or Ala. Code 13A-11-33 (installing an eavesdropping device).
Can I sue someone for voyeurism in Alabama?
Yes. Victims can file civil lawsuits for invasion of privacy, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and other claims. Civil remedies can include compensatory damages, punitive damages, attorney fees, and injunctive relief. The statute of limitations for privacy torts in Alabama is generally two years.
Are hidden cameras in Airbnb rentals illegal in Alabama?
Hidden cameras in private areas of rental properties like bedrooms and bathrooms are illegal under Alabama law. Ala. Code 13A-11-32.1 prohibits engaging in surveillance, with or without a device, of someone in a location where they have a reasonable expectation of privacy, without their consent, for sexual gratification. A host who places hidden cameras in private areas of a rental faces Class C felony charges.
Updates
Independently fact-checked against the cited primary sources; governing law re-checked for recent changes
Corrected aggravated criminal surveillance (13A-11-32.1) throughout the article: the current post-2019 statute has no device requirement, reaching any non-consensual surveillance for sexual gratification. Also relabeled 13A-12-192 as Alabama's CSAM possession/dissemination statute rather than 'sexual exploitation of a child.'
Governing law re-checked for recent changes
Corrected Ala. Code 13A-6-240: the statute conditions liability on the absence of WRITTEN consent to the transmission, not consent generally.
Removed the claim that 18 U.S.C. 1801 (the federal Video Voyeurism Prevention Act) supports a civil claim; the statute is criminal-only and jurisdictionally limited to special maritime/territorial/federal property, so it does not create a civil remedy for Alabama voyeurism victims.
Governing law re-checked for recent changes
Propagated hub refresh to voyeurism spoke. Replaced Justia commercial-codifier links with alison.legislature.state.al.us. Added civil cause of action note: Title 13A Chapter 11 Article 2 has no statutory civil remedy; voyeurism victims route through federal ECPA at 18 U.S.C. section 2520 and common-law intrusion upon seclusion under Butler v. Town of Argo, 871 So. 2d 1 (Ala. 2003). Added 2024 HB 161 amendment to Ala. Code 13A-6-240 (adds non-consensual creation of synthetic/AI-generated NCII as separate offense, effective October 1, 2024). Added federal [TAKE IT DOWN Act](/us-laws/take-it-down-act) (Pub. L. 119-12, signed May 19, 2025; platform compliance May 19, 2026), which requires covered platforms to remove NCII including AI-generated deepfakes within 48 hours of valid notice.
Reviewed and approved by an editor
The Law Behind This Article
This article rests on the statutory provisions below, held in our own legal record and retrieved from the official source. Tap a section to read the operative text.
Code of Alabama 1975, Title 13A: Criminal Code.
§ 13A-11-32.1Aggravated Criminal Surveillance.In forcecited in 13 of our articles
(a) A person commits the crime of aggravated criminal surveillance if he or she intentionally engages in surveillance of an individual in any place where the individual being observed has a reasonable expectation of privacy, without the prior express or implied consent of the individual being observed, for the purpose of sexual gratification. (b) Aggravated criminal surveillance is a Class C felony. (c) The statute of limitations begins at the time of discovery of the surveillance.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-29 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at alison.legislature.state.al.us
Cited in 1 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2026
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- United States v. Watkins (Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit 2026)“…is case are noted in bold. Ala. Code § 13A-11-32;1 Ala. Code § 13A-11-32.1;2 Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 13- 1424;2 Ar…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Alabama Smart Glasses Recording Laws, Alabama Landlord-Tenant Recording Laws: Rights for Renters and Property Owners, Alabama School Recording Laws: Rules for Students, Parents, and Teachers
§ 13A-11-30Definitions.In forcecited in 22 of our articles
The following definitions apply to this article: (1) EAVESDROP. To overhear, record, amplify or transmit any part of the private communication of others without the consent of at least one of the persons engaged in the communication, except as otherwise provided by law. (2) PRIVATE PLACE. A place where one may reasonably expect to be safe from casual or hostile intrusion or surveillance, but such term does not include a place to which the public or a substantial group of the public has access. (3) SURVEILLANCE. Secret observation of the activities of another person for the purpose of spying upon and invading the privacy of the person observed.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-29 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at alison.legislature.state.al.us
Cited in 5 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2024
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Stinson v. Larson (Court of Civil Appeals of Alabama 2004, 893 So. 2d 462)“…ons Privacy Act of 1986, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510 et seq., and Ala. Code 1975, §§ 13A-11-30 and 13A-11-31 (a). We note that the f…”
- Ages Group, LP v. Raytheon Aircraft Co., Inc. (District Court, M.D. Alabama 1998, 22 F. Supp. 2d 1310)“…f at least one of the persons engaged in the communication. Ala. Code § 13A-11-30 (1994). Alabama Code § 13A-11-32, prohi…”
- Bartnicki v. Vopper (Supreme Court of the United States 2001, 532 U.S. 514)“…[1] See 18 U. S. C. § 2511 (1) (1994 ed. and Supp. V); Ala. Code § 13A-11-30 et seq. (1994); Alaska Stat. Ann. §…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: One-Party Consent States: Complete 2026 Guide, Alabama Audio Recording Laws: Consent Rules and Penalties, Alabama Dashcam Laws: Legality, Mounting Rules, and Evidence Use
§ 13A-11-32Criminal Surveillance.In forcecited in 14 of our articles
(a) A person commits the crime of criminal surveillance if he intentionally engages in surveillance while trespassing in a private place. (b) Criminal surveillance is a Class B misdemeanor.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-08-31 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at alison.legislature.state.al.us
Cited in 2 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2026
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Ages Group, LP v. Raytheon Aircraft Co., Inc. (District Court, M.D. Alabama 1998, 22 F. Supp. 2d 1310)“…rvation from a public street” does not violate the statute. Ala.Code § 13A-11-32, Commentary. However, AGES argues that…”
- United States v. Watkins (Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit 2026)“…ohibit the conduct in this case are noted in bold. Ala. Code § 13A-11-32;1 Ala. Code § 13A-11-32.1;2 Ariz. Rev.…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Alabama Recording Laws (2026): One-Party Consent Rules, Alabama Workplace Recording Laws: Employee and Employer Rights, Alabama Video Recording Laws: What Is Legal and What Is Not
§ 13A-11-33Installing Eavesdropping Device.In forcecited in 11 of our articles
(a) A person commits the crime of installing an eavesdropping device if he intentionally installs or places a device in a private place with knowledge it is to be used for eavesdropping and without permission of the owner and any lessee or tenant or guest for hire of the private place. (b) Installing an eavesdropping device in a private place is prima facie evidence of knowledge that the device is to be used for eavesdropping. (c) Installing an eavesdropping device is a Class C felony.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-29 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at alison.legislature.state.al.us
Cited in 1 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2003
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Glazner v. Glazner (Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit 2003, 347 F.3d 1212)“…te the problems inherent in such an approach. For example, Ala. Code § 13A-11-33 provides: A person commits the…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Alabama Phone Call Recording Laws: What You Need to Know, Alabama Security Camera Laws: Rules for Homes and Businesses, Alabama Ring Doorbell Laws: What You Need to Know in 2026
§ 13A-12-192Possession and Possession with Intent to Disseminate Child Sexual Abuse Material.In forcecited in 3 of our articles
(a) Any person who knowingly possesses with intent to disseminate any child sexual abuse material shall be guilty of a Class B felony. Any transfer of child sexual abuse material from any electronic device to any other device, program, application, or any other place with storage capability that can be made available or is accessible by other users, is prima facie evidence of possession with intent to disseminate. (b) Any person who knowingly possesses any child sexual abuse material shall be guilty of a Class C felony.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-29 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at alison.legislature.state.al.us
Cited in 9 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2025
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Harris v. State (Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama 1989, 563 So. 2d 9)“…arging the possession of child pornography, in violation of Ala. Code 1975, § 13A-12-192 (b). He received concurrent sentences o…”
- Girard v. State (Supreme Court of Alabama 2003, 883 So. 2d 717)“…n to address what constitutes a "unit of prosecution" under Ala. Code 1975, § 13A-12-192 (b), the statute barring the possession…”
- Ex Parte Felton (Supreme Court of Alabama 1988, 526 So. 2d 638)“…Felton, was indicted for possession of child pornography. Ala. Code 1975, § 13A-12-192 (b). Based upon his plea of guilty — th…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Alabama Sexting Laws: Legal Consequences and Penalties, Alabama Pornography Laws (2026): Legality, AV Law & Penalties
§ 13A-6-240Distributing a Private Image; Creating a Private Image.In forcecited in 11 of our articles
(a)(1) A person commits the crime of distributing a private image if he or she knowingly posts, emails, texts, transmits, or otherwise distributes a private image when the depicted individual has not consented in writing to the transmission and the depicted individual had a reasonable expectation of privacy against transmission of the private image. (2) A person commits the crime of creating a private image if he or she knowingly creates, records, or alters a private image when the depicted individual has not consented to the creation, recording, or alteration and the depicted individual had a reasonable expectation of privacy against the creation, recording, or alteration of the private image. (b)(1) For purposes of this section, “private image” means a photograph, digital image, video, film, or other recording of an individual who is identifiable from the recording itself or from the circumstances of its transmission and who is engaged in any act of sexually explicit conduct, as defined in Section 13A-12-190. (2) The term includes both of the following: a. A recording that has been edited, altered, or otherwise manipulated from its original form. b.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-29 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at alison.legislature.state.al.us
Cited in 2 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2024
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Z.P. v. Bryant (District Court, N.D. Alabama 2024)“…f privacy against transmission of the private image.” Ala. Code § 13A-6-240(a)(1), (b)(1). Mr. Bryant contends that…”
- Xia v. Morris (United States Bankruptcy Court, N.D. Alabama 2024)“…possibly criminal under Alabama’s revenge porn statute at Ala. Code § 13A-6-240), the court further concludes that Mor…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Alabama Surveillance Camera Laws (2026 Guide), Alabama Deepfake Laws: AI Images, Voice Cloning & Penalties (2026), Deepfake & AI Voice Cloning Laws by State (2026)
§ 13A-7-2Criminal Trespass in the First Degree.In forcecited in 2 of our articles
(a) A person is guilty of criminal trespass in the first degree if he knowingly enters or remains unlawfully in a dwelling or on the premises of any cultivator or processor, as those terms are defined in Section 20-2A-3, or on the premises of any cultivation or processing operation that is part of an integrated facility, as defined in Section 20-2A-3. (b) Criminal trespass in the first degree is a Class A misdemeanor.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-29 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at alison.legislature.state.al.us
Cited in 1 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 1998
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Lanier v. State (Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama 1998, 733 So. 2d 931)“…f he knowingly enters or remains unlawfully in a dwelling." Ala. Code 1975, § 13A-7-2 (a).…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Alabama Disorderly Conduct Laws: Penalties, Trespass and Purple Paint
Code of Alabama 1975, Title 6: Civil Practice.
§ 6-2-38Commencement of Actions - Two Years.In forcecited in 9 of our articles
(a) An action by a representative to recover damages for wrongful act, omission, or negligence causing the death of the decedent under Sections 6-5-391 and 6-5-410 must be commenced within two years from the death. (b) All actions by common carriers of property subject to Chapter 3 of Title 37 for recovery of their charges, or any part thereof, shall be begun within two years from the time the cause of action accrues and not after. (c) For recovery of charges, action shall be begun against common carriers of property by motor vehicles subject to this article within two years from the time the cause of action accrues and not after, except as provided in subsection (d) of this section; provided, that if claim for the overcharge has been presented in writing to the carrier within the two-year period of limitation, said period shall be extended to include six months from the time notice in writing is given by the carrier to the claimant of disallowance of the claim, or any part or parts thereof, specified in the notice.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-09-08 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at alison.legislature.state.al.us
Cited in 372 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2026
In the courts (editorial summary, independently checked):Alabama courts have applied Section 6-2-38's two-year period. Mardis v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co. (1995) held harassment acts occurring more than two years before filing were time-barred. Hicks v. Globe Life and Acc. Ins. Co. (1991) ran the two-year fraud period from discovery under a separate saving provision, normally a jury question.
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Hicks v. Globe Life and Acc. Ins. Co. (Supreme Court of Alabama 1991, 584 So. 2d 458)✓A retiree let her major medical policy lapse after an agent said a new hospital policy was comparable. The court held the two-year fraud period of 6-2-38(l) turned on when she should have discovered the fraud, a jury question here, and reversed summary judgment for the insurer.
- Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Abston (Supreme Court of Alabama 2001, 822 So. 2d 1187)✓An insured said his auto insurer defrauded him by paying his medical benefits to his health insurer. The court held 6-2-38(l)'s two-year period started when he read a 1996 letter enclosing the subrogation agreement, which would provoke inquiry, so his fraud claims were barred.
- Mardis v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co. (Supreme Court of Alabama 1995, 669 So. 2d 885)✓A former employee sued over supervisor harassment running from August to December 1990 and filed on December 2, 1992. Rejecting a continuing-tort theory, the court applied the two-year period of 6-2-38(l) to bar acts before December 2, 1990, leaving the final days actionable.
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Alabama Jury Duty Laws: Pay, Exemptions and Employer Rules, Alabama Statute of Limitations: Filing Deadlines by Case Type, Alabama Car Accident Laws: Fault, Insurance, and Your Claim
United States Code Title 18
§ 2252Certain activities relating to material involving the sexual exploitation of minorsIn forcecited in 8 of our articles
Any person who— knowingly transports or ships using any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce or in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce by any means including by computer or mails, any visual depiction, if— the producing of such visual depiction involves the use of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct; and such visual depiction is of such conduct; knowingly receives, or distributes, any visual depiction using any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce or that has been mailed, or has been shipped or transported in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, or which contains materials which have been mailed or so shipped or transported, by any means including by computer, or knowingly reproduces any visual depiction for distribution using any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce or in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce or through the mails, if— the producing of such visual depiction involves the use of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct; and such visual depiction is of such conduct; either— in the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, or on any land or building owned by,…
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-28 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at uscode.house.gov
Cited in 3,732 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2026
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- New York v. Ferber (Supreme Court of the United States 1982, 458 U.S. 747)“…o prohibits dissemination only if the material is obscene. 18 U. S. C. § 2252 (a) (1976 ed., Supp. IV). Two States pr…”
- United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc. (Supreme Court of the United States 1994, 513 U.S. 64)“…depictions of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct. 18 U. S. C. § 2252 . The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Ci…”
- Osborne v. Ohio (Supreme Court of the United States 1990, 495 U.S. 103)“…rial for the purpose of sale or distribution for sale. See 18 U. S. C. § 2252 (a) (1982 ed.). But Congress did not…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Nevada Voyeurism and Hidden Camera Laws: NRS 200.604 Penalties (2026), Wisconsin Voyeurism and Hidden Camera Laws: Privacy Crimes and Penalties (2026), xAI Sues Grok User Over Alleged AI-Generated Child Sexual Abuse Material
Search our full record of US law — 2.1 million sections, every state + federal →
Sources and References
- Alabama Code of Alabama(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
- Ala. Code 13A-11-32 - Criminal Surveillance(law.justia.com)
- Ala. Code 13A-11-32.1 - Aggravated Criminal Surveillance(law.justia.com)
- Ala. Code 13A-6-240 - Distribution of Private Images(law.justia.com)
- ALEA Sex Offender Registry(alea.gov).gov
- FBI IC3(ic3.gov).gov
- Ala. Code 13A-11-32 - Criminal Surveillance(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
- Ala. Code 13A-11-32.1 - Aggravated Criminal Surveillance(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
- Ala. Code 13A-6-240 - Distribution of Private Images(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
- 18 U.S.C. 2252 - Child Exploitation(law.cornell.edu)