Landlord-Tenant Laws by State (2026): Deposits, Notice, and Tenant Rights

Landlord-tenant law governs how much security deposit a landlord can hold, when it must be returned, how much advance notice is required before entry, and when either party can end a month-to-month lease. The rules also cover habitability, rent increases, late fees, and whether rent control is permitted. Every state has its own rules, and many cities layer on additional requirements.

Security deposits: caps and return deadlines

A security deposit is money a tenant pays upfront to cover unpaid rent or damage beyond normal wear and tear. State law dictates the maximum the landlord can collect and how quickly it must be returned after the tenancy ends.

Caps range from no limit at all in states like Florida, Texas, Illinois, and Ohio, to a strict 1-month ceiling in California (since July 1, 2024 under AB 12), Hawaii, New York, Massachusetts, Nebraska, North Dakota, Rhode Island, and DC. Colorado recently joined this group: under HB 25-1249, effective January 1, 2026, the maximum deposit in Colorado is now 1 month's rent. Nevada allows the highest statutory cap at 3 months.

Return deadlines matter just as much as the cap. If a landlord misses the deadline, most states award double or triple damages to the tenant. Tight deadlines include 14 days in Hawaii, New York, Nebraska, Vermont, and South Dakota (if no deductions). Most states sit at 21 to 30 days. Alabama, Arkansas, and West Virginia give the landlord 60 days. Georgia requires return within 30 days and added the 2-month deposit cap through the Safe at Home Act (HB 404, July 2024).

When comparing states, look at both the cap and the return timeline together. A state with no cap but a 14-day return rule can still heavily favor tenants if a landlord fails to itemize deductions in time.

Metric	Shortest	Longest
Deposit cap	1 month (CA, HI, NY, MA, NE, ND, RI, DC)	3 months (NV)
Return deadline	14 days (HI, NY, NE, VT, SD no-deductions)	60 days (AL, AR, WV)

When a landlord can enter

Every state recognizes that a tenant has a right to quiet enjoyment of the rented property. Landlords must give advance notice before entering for non-emergency purposes such as repairs, inspections, or showings.

The most common notice period is 24 hours, used by states including Alaska, Arizona, California, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Ohio, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Utah. A handful of states require 48 hours: Alabama, Arizona (also listed at 48h), Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia (72 hours for maintenance), and DC. Florida and Wisconsin set a shorter floor of 12 hours.

Several states have no fixed statutory period and rely on a vague "reasonable notice" standard. These include Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Wyoming. In those states, 24 hours is widely cited as the practical minimum, but nothing in the statute forces a landlord to wait.

Emergencies are different everywhere. In a genuine emergency (fire, flood, burst pipe), a landlord may enter without any notice in every state.

Ending a month-to-month tenancy

A month-to-month tenancy can be ended by either the landlord or the tenant, but most states require written notice delivered at least 30 days before the next rent due date.

Key exceptions: Delaware requires 60 days. Hawaii requires 45 days from the landlord and 28 days from the tenant. Vermont requires 60 days for tenancies of two years or less and 90 days for longer tenancies. Oregon requires 30 days for tenancies of one year or less and 60 days for longer ones. New York tiers notice by length of tenancy: 30 days (under 1 year), 60 days (1-2 years), or 90 days (2+ years). Pennsylvania uses just 15 days. Washington state requires just cause from the landlord but only 20 days from the tenant.

Connecticut uses a different system entirely. There is no rolling 30-day notice; instead, the landlord must serve a statutory notice to quit, which starts the formal eviction process.

For eviction after nonpayment or a lease violation, different notice periods apply. See the eviction notice generator for your state's specific pay-or-quit and cure deadlines.

The warranty of habitability and repairs

The implied warranty of habitability requires a landlord to keep a rental unit in a safe and livable condition throughout the tenancy. This means working heat, plumbing, and electricity; a weathertight roof and walls; no serious pest infestations; and compliance with local building codes.

This warranty exists in virtually every state, though Georgia only added a statutory version effective July 1, 2024 (the Safe at Home Act), and Arkansas created its first statutory habitability warranty through Act 1052 of 2021.

When a landlord fails to make a required repair, the tenant's options depend on the state. In many states, including California, Texas, Oregon, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Delaware, Hawaii, Vermont, Rhode Island, and Virginia, the tenant can use repair-and-deduct: hire someone to fix the problem and subtract the reasonable cost from the next rent payment, up to a statutory ceiling and after giving proper written notice.

In other states, including Alabama, Indiana, Ohio, Massachusetts, Michigan, Wisconsin, West Virginia, and South Carolina (limited), repair-and-deduct is not available. The tenant's remedies are rent escrow (paying rent to the court until repairs are made), seeking a rent reduction through a housing court, or in serious cases, terminating the lease.

Rent control: where it exists and where it is banned

Rent control and rent stabilization laws cap how much a landlord can raise rent during a tenancy. They are genuinely rare at the state level, and most states have passed laws that preempt cities from enacting them.

States that allow some form of rent regulation: California (statewide AB 1482 cap of 5% plus CPI, max 10%, plus stronger local ordinances in cities like Los Angeles and San Francisco), Oregon (statewide cap under SB 608, currently 9.5% for 2026), Washington (statewide cap under HB 1217, signed May 2025, capped at the lesser of 7% plus CPI or 10%), New York (local rent stabilization and rent control in New York City and towns under the Emergency Tenant Protection Act), New Jersey (about 100 municipalities have local rent control with no statewide preemption), Maryland (localities including Takoma Park, Montgomery County, and Prince George's County have rent stabilization), Minnesota (voter-approved local rent stabilization; currently active in St. Paul and Minneapolis), Maine (Portland has local rent control), and the District of Columbia (the Rental Housing Act of 1985 caps annual increases at CPI-W plus 2%, with a ceiling of 10%).

States with an explicit statewide preemption or ban include Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Wisconsin, among others. In those states, no city or county can enact rent control.

Rent control does not affect a landlord's ability to raise rent between tenants (vacancy decontrol) in most regulated jurisdictions, and newer buildings are commonly exempted.

Late fees and rent increases

A late fee is an additional charge assessed when rent is not paid by the due date. Many states allow a grace period before the fee can kick in.

States with a fixed late-fee cap include: Colorado (lesser of $50 or 5% after a 7-day grace period), Connecticut ($5 per day up to $50 or 5% of rent; 9-day grace period), Delaware (5% of monthly rent; 5-day grace), Hawaii (8% of rent due), Illinois (greater of $20 or 20% of overdue rent; 5-day grace), Iowa (tiered by rent level), Kansas (greater of $20 or 20% of overdue rent), Minnesota (8%), New York (lesser of $50 or 5%), Maine (4% of one month's rent; 15-day grace period), North Carolina (greater of $15 or 5% after a 5-day grace), and Virginia (10% of the periodic rent; 5-day grace). Many other states impose no statutory limit and allow anything spelled out in the lease.

Rent increase notice is separate from a lease renewal. Most states require 30 days notice before a rent increase takes effect for a month-to-month tenancy. Colorado requires 60 days notice for any increase over 10% in the prior year. Washington requires 90 days notice for any rent increase under HB 1217.

Recent changes (2023-2026)

Landlord-tenant law has been unusually active. Key changes affecting the rules in the comparison table below:

California AB 12 (effective July 1, 2024) cut the standard security deposit cap from 2 months to 1 month. Small landlords who own no more than two residential properties and no more than four total units may still charge 2 months.

Colorado HB 25-1249 (effective January 1, 2026) cut the deposit cap to 1 month's rent and the return deadline to 30 days. Landlords may now accept the deposit in installment payments.

Georgia Safe at Home Act (HB 404) (effective July 1, 2024) created Georgia's first statutory habitability warranty, capped deposits at 2 months' rent for the first time, and added a 3-day cure period before a landlord may file for eviction.

Connecticut Public Act 23-207 (effective October 1, 2023) shortened the deposit return deadline from 30 to 21 days. A 2024 reform added a late-fee cap ($5 per day up to $50) and a 9-day grace period.

Florida amended Fla. Stat. 83.57 (effective July 1, 2023) to raise month-to-month termination notice from 15 to 30 days.

Maryland HB 1076 (effective October 1, 2025) cut the notice-to-enter period from 48 hours to 24 hours.

Washington HB 1217 (signed May 2025) enacted the state's first statewide rent cap, limiting annual increases to the lesser of 7% plus CPI or 10%. Landlords must give 90 days notice before any increase. Buildings under 15 years old are exempt. The law has a 15-year sunset.

Illinois removed the 5-unit threshold from the Security Deposit Return Act (effective January 1, 2024), meaning the Act now applies to all residential landlords regardless of the size of their portfolio.

State-by-state comparison table

The table below covers all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Deposit caps and return deadlines come directly from each state's primary statute. "Rent control" shows whether the state preempts local ordinances or allows some form of regulation. Click any state name to read the full state page.

State	Deposit cap	Return deadline	Notice to enter	Rent control
Alabama	1 month	60 days	48 hours	Preempted
Alaska	2 months	14 / 30 days	24 hours	Not preempted; none enacted
Arizona	1.5 months	14 business days	48 hours	Preempted
Arkansas	2 months	60 days	No fixed period	Preempted
California	1 month (AB 12, Jul 2024)	21 days	24 hours	Allowed (AB 1482 + local)
Colorado	1 month (HB 25-1249, Jan 2026)	30 days	No fixed minimum	Preempted
Connecticut	2 months (1 month if 62+)	21 days	Reasonable notice	Not preempted; none active
Delaware	1 month (leases 1+ yr) / 2 months	20 days	48 hours	Not preempted; none enacted
District of Columbia	1 month	45 days	48 hours	Allowed (Rental Housing Act)
Florida	No cap	15 / 30 days	12 hours	Preempted
Georgia	2 months (HB 404, Jul 2024)	30 days	No fixed period	Preempted
Hawaii	1 month	14 days	48 hours	Not preempted; none active
Idaho	No cap	21 days	No fixed period	Preempted
Illinois	No statewide cap	30 / 45 days	No statewide req.	Preempted
Indiana	No cap	45 days	Reasonable notice	Preempted
Iowa	2 months	30 days	24 hours	Preempted
Kansas	1 month (1.5 months if furnished)	30 days	Reasonable notice	Not preempted; none enacted
Kentucky	No cap (KURLTA where adopted)	30 / 60 days	48 hours (KURLTA areas)	Preempted
Louisiana	No cap	30 days	No fixed period	Not preempted; none enacted
Maine	2 months	21 / 30 days	Reasonable notice	Allowed (Portland local)
Maryland	1 month	45 days	24 hours (HB 1076, Oct 2025)	Allowed (county-level)
Massachusetts	1 month	30 days	Advance arrangement	Preempted (since 1994)
Michigan	1.5 months	30 days	Reasonable notice	Preempted
Minnesota	No cap	21 days	24 hours	Allowed (voter-approved local)
Mississippi	No cap	45 days	Reasonable notice	Not preempted; none enacted
Missouri	2 months	30 days	No fixed period	Preempted
Montana	No cap	10 / 30 days	24 hours	Not preempted; none enacted
Nebraska	1 month	14 days	24 hours	Not preempted; none enacted
Nevada	3 months	30 days	24 hours	Not preempted; none active
New Hampshire	1 month or $100	30 days	Prior consent req.	Not preempted; none active
New Jersey	1.5 months	30 days	24 hours (standard)	Allowed (local, ~100 municipalities)
New Mexico	1 month (under 1 yr lease)	30 days	24 hours	Preempted
New York	1 month	14 days	Reasonable notice	Allowed (NYC + ETPA localities)
North Carolina	2 months (month-to-month)	30 / 60 days	Reasonable notice	Preempted
North Dakota	1 month	30 days	Reasonable advance notice	Preempted
Ohio	No cap	30 days	24 hours	Preempted
Oklahoma	No cap	45 days	1 day	Preempted
Oregon	No cap	31 days	24 hours	Allowed (statewide SB 608 cap)
Pennsylvania	2 months (yr 1) / 1 month (yr 2+)	30 days	Reasonable notice	Not preempted; none enacted
Rhode Island	1 month	20 days	48 hours	Not preempted; none enacted
South Carolina	No cap	30 days	24 hours	Not enacted
South Dakota	1 month (2 months w/ pet)	14 / 45 days	24 hours	Not permitted
Tennessee	No cap (URLTA counties)	30 days	24 hours	Not permitted
Texas	No cap	30 days	No fixed period	Preempted
Utah	No cap	30 days	24 hours	Preempted
Vermont	No cap	14 / 60 days	48 hours	Not preempted; none enacted
Virginia	2 months	45 days	72 hrs (maintenance) / 24 hrs (showing)	Preempted
Washington	No cap	30 days	2 days	Allowed (statewide HB 1217 cap)
West Virginia	No cap	60 days	No fixed period	Not enacted
Wisconsin	No cap	21 days	12 hours	Preempted
Wyoming	No cap	30 days	No fixed period	Not permitted

This article is general legal information, not legal advice. Landlord-tenant rules vary by state and city and change frequently, and many cities add their own ordinances on top of state law. For advice about a specific situation, consult a licensed attorney or your state housing agency.

Sources

• Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (URLTA), National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws
• California Civil Code 1950.5 (AB 12, 2024): leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
• Colorado Revised Statutes 38-12-101 et seq. (HB 25-1249, 2025): leg.colorado.gov
• Washington Residential Landlord-Tenant Act, RCW ch. 59.18 (HB 1217, 2025): app.leg.wa.gov
• Oregon Revised Statutes ch. 90 (SB 608): oregonlegislature.gov
• DC Rental Housing Act of 1985, D.C. Code tit. 42, ch. 35: code.dccouncil.gov
• Florida Statutes ch. 83, part II: leg.state.fl.us
• Georgia O.C.G.A. 44-7 (Safe at Home Act HB 404, 2024): sos.ga.gov/administrative-procedures-division

For your specific state, click the state link in the table above or see the eviction notice generator and squatters rights hub for related state-law tools.