Alabama
Alabama Deepfake Laws: AI Images, Voice Cloning & Penalties (2026)
Alabama has enacted two AI-specific laws since 2024: a criminal ban on distributing materially deceptive AI media within 90 days of an election (), and an amendment covering AI-generated child sexual abuse material (). A separate 2024 amendment to Alabama's private-image statute () also reaches non-consensual intimate deepfakes of adults, since it defines a covered image as one a reasonable person would believe depicts an identifiable individual, regardless of whether it is artificially generated.
Information last verified on June 9, 2026. This article has not yet been reviewed by a licensed attorney.
Is It Illegal to Make a Deepfake of Someone in Alabama?
The answer depends on the type of deepfake and the purpose. Alabama law covers two specific contexts: election interference and child sexual abuse material. Outside those two categories, Alabama has not enacted a statute targeting deepfake creation or distribution.
For adults, Alabama's private-image statute () directly reaches sexual deepfakes of a real person. As amended by Act 2024-98, the statute's definition of a "private image" expressly includes a recording that a reasonable person would believe actually depicts an identifiable individual, regardless of whether any portion of the recording depicts another individual or is artificially generated. Distributing or creating such an image without consent is a Class A misdemeanor for a first offense and a Class C felony for a subsequent offense. The federal TAKE IT DOWN Act provides an additional, overlapping remedy for adult NCII deepfake victims in the state.
For minors, Alabama's amended CSAM statute closes the gap entirely. HB 168 (Act 2024-98) made Alabama one of the earlier states to explicitly cover AI-generated depictions of children in its child pornography laws.
For election-related deepfakes of candidates, Alabama's § 17-5-16.1 applies when the content is distributed within 90 days before an election, the creator knew the depiction was false, and the creator intended both to harm the candidate and to deceive voters. Satire, parody, and material with a clear disclaimer are exempt.
Sexual and Intimate Deepfakes
Alabama does not have a statute labeled specifically as a deepfake law for adults, but its existing private-image statute, Ala. Code § 13A-6-240 (Distributing a Private Image), reaches the conduct. As amended by Act 2024-98, it is a Class A misdemeanor for a first offense and a Class C felony for a subsequent offense to knowingly distribute, or to knowingly create, a private image of a person without consent when that person had a reasonable expectation of privacy. The statute's definition of a private image was expanded to include a recording that a reasonable person would believe actually depicts an identifiable individual, regardless of whether it is artificially generated, so an AI-generated intimate image of a real, identifiable person is covered even though it never captured a real event.
Alabama has not enacted a statute labeled specifically as a deepfake law for adults, but its amended private-image statute already covers AI-generated intimate images of adults, as described above. Victims of adult intimate deepfakes in Alabama also have a remedy under the federal TAKE IT DOWN Act, which was signed into law on May 19, 2025. That law makes it a federal crime, punishable by up to two years in prison (three for depictions of minors), to knowingly publish nonconsensual intimate visual depictions, expressly including "digital forgeries" created with AI. Platforms must remove reported content within 48 hours; the Federal Trade Commission enforces compliance.
For AI-generated child sexual abuse material, Alabama's 2024 amendment is comprehensive. HB 168 (Act 2024-98, effective Oct. 1, 2024) amended Ala. Code § 13A-12-190's definitions to expressly include AI-generated content that is virtually indistinguishable from a real minor, so the Class A felony production offense at reaches AI-generated depictions of minors that are indistinguishable from real children. The amendment did not create a state civil cause of action for CSAM victims; the only civil-facing tool added by the same 2024 legislation is the Attorney General's power to seek an injunction under the separate private-image statute, Ala. Code § 13A-6-240(g). Federal law under (8)(B) has covered photorealistic AI-generated CSAM since the PROTECT Act of 2003, so Alabama victims have both state and federal criminal remedies.
The DEFIANCE Act (S.1837, 119th Congress) would create a federal civil cause of action for adult sexual deepfake victims with liquidated damages up to $150,000, but it is a proposed bill only. The Senate passed an earlier version in July 2024, but it died in the House. The 119th Congress reintroduced the bill in 2025, and the Senate passed it again on January 13, 2026. It remains pending in the House. It is not yet law.
Election and Political Deepfakes
Alabama enacted one of the clearer state-level election deepfake laws in 2024. HB 172, codified at , makes it a crime to distribute "materially deceptive media" in connection with an election. The statute defines materially deceptive media as AI-generated audio, video, or images that falsely depict an individual saying or doing something they did not actually say or do, where a reasonable viewer or listener would incorrectly believe the depiction is real.
Four elements must be present for criminal liability: the media was distributed within 90 days before an election; the person distributing it knew the depiction was false; the person intended to harm the candidate's reputation or electoral prospects; and the person intended to deceive voters into believing the depicted speech or conduct actually occurred. A first violation is a Class A misdemeanor (up to one year in jail and a fine of up to $6,000). A second or subsequent conviction within five years is a Class D felony.
The law contains explicit exemptions for satire and parody, for material distributed by news organizations in the course of reporting, and for content that includes a clear disclaimer stating that it was manipulated by technical means and depicts conduct that did not occur. The Alabama Attorney General clarified in October 2024 that parody content does not fall within the statute's reach.
First Amendment risk is real in this area. A federal court enjoined portions of California's similar election deepfake law in August 2025 on free-speech grounds. Alabama's § 17-5-16.1 includes the parody and disclaimer exemptions that some challenged laws lacked, which reduces but does not eliminate that risk. The law is effective as of October 1, 2024.
AI Voice Cloning and Digital Likeness
Alabama has no statutory right of publicity and no AI voice cloning law. A person's name and likeness can be protected under Alabama common law through a misappropriation tort, but the common law remedy does not explicitly extend to voice replicas or AI-generated likenesses. There is no statute that grants Alabamians a property right in their voice the way Tennessee's ELVIS Act does for Tennessee residents.
Tennessee's Ensuring Likeness Voice and Image Security Act (Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-25-1101 et seq., effective July 1, 2024) is the national reference point for voice-clone legislation. It was the first state law to explicitly extend right-of-publicity protection to AI simulations of a person's voice and likeness. Alabama has not followed Tennessee's lead as of June 2026.
The proposed federal NO FAKES Act (S.4591, 119th Congress) would create a federal right of publicity protecting voice and likeness against unauthorized AI digital replicas, but it has not passed either chamber and is not law. Do not represent it as existing protection.
For commercial exploitation of a person's voice in robocalls, the FCC ruled in February 2024 (FCC 24-17) that AI-generated voices in robocalls are "artificial" voices under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (). AI voice-clone calls to phones without prior express consent are therefore illegal nationwide, including in Alabama, regardless of whether the state has its own voice-cloning law.
For Alabama data privacy laws, Alabama enacted the Alabama Personal Data Protection Act in April 2026, a comprehensive privacy law that takes effect in 2027 and covers some biometric and sensitive data. However, that statute does not create a specific voice-cloning cause of action.
Federal Law That Applies in Alabama
Several federal laws fill gaps in Alabama's deepfake coverage and apply to all Alabama residents.
The TAKE IT DOWN Act (Public Law 119-12) became law on May 19, 2025. It creates a federal crime for knowingly publishing nonconsensual intimate visual depictions, including AI-generated deepfakes. The penalty is up to two years in prison, or three years if the victim is a minor. Platforms must remove content flagged by victims within 48 hours. The FTC enforces the platform-compliance obligation.
Federal CSAM law ((8)(B)) has covered computer-generated and AI-generated images indistinguishable from real minors since 2003. After the Supreme Court's decision in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002), Congress amended the law through the PROTECT Act to cover only material indistinguishable from real children. No First Amendment defense applies to such material. Alabama's own HB 168 mirrors this federal standard at the state level.
The FCC's AI robocall ruling (FCC 24-17, February 2024) applies nationwide. AI voice-cloned robocalls without consent violate the TCPA. The FCC issued a $6 million fine (finalized September 2024) against the political consultant responsible for the fake-Biden robocalls in the 2024 New Hampshire primary.
The FTC Impersonation Rule (16 CFR Part 461, effective April 1, 2024) prohibits deceptive impersonation of government entities and businesses using AI voice cloning or other AI tools. An individual-impersonation extension remains an unfinished proposed rulemaking.
The DEFIANCE Act and the NO FAKES Act are pending proposed legislation in the 119th Congress. Neither has become law, although the Senate passed the DEFIANCE Act in January 2026. For a fuller discussion of federal efforts, see news about the DEFIANCE Act and deepfake porn victims' right to sue.
What Victims Can Do
Alabama victims of deepfakes have several practical paths depending on the type of harm.
For intimate deepfakes of adults, victims should report to the FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) under the TAKE IT DOWN Act. They can also submit a takedown notice directly to the platform hosting the content; platforms must comply within 48 hours under federal law. The platform should remove the content regardless of whether it was created with AI.
For AI-generated CSAM, victims or their families should report to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) CyberTipline and to local law enforcement. Alabama prosecutors have both state authority (Ala. Code § 13A-12-197 as amended by Act 2024-98) and can refer to federal prosecutors under 18 U.S.C. § 2256.
For election deepfakes, the Alabama Secretary of State's office and local district attorneys handle complaints under § 17-5-16.1. Violations must have occurred within 90 days of an election and the distributor must have known the content was false.
For civil remedies, Alabama common law allows a misappropriation claim when a person's identity is exploited for commercial gain. No state civil cause of action exists for AI-generated CSAM or adult NCII deepfakes under Alabama's 2024 amendments; the proposed federal DEFIANCE Act would create one but remains pending.
For Alabama recording laws and related privacy topics, Alabama is a one-party consent state, which is a separate but related area of surveillance and privacy law.
For general AI regulation questions beyond deepfakes, see Alabama AI laws for the broader state-level AI regulatory picture.
Alabama Deepfake Penalties
| Conduct | Law | Penalty |
|---|---|---|
| Distributing AI election media (first offense) | Ala. Code § 17-5-16.1 | Class A misdemeanor (up to 1 year jail, up to $6,000 fine) |
| Distributing AI election media (subsequent offense) | Ala. Code § 17-5-16.1 | Class D felony |
| AI-generated CSAM (production) | Ala. Code §§ 13A-12-190, 13A-12-197 (as amended, Act 2024-98) | Class A felony |
| Distributing private images of adults (first offense) | Ala. Code § 13A-6-240 | Class A misdemeanor (covers AI-generated deepfakes) |
| Distributing private images of adults (subsequent offense) | Ala. Code § 13A-6-240 | Class C felony (covers AI-generated deepfakes) |
| Publishing NCII deepfakes of adults (federal) | TAKE IT DOWN Act, Pub. L. 119-12 | Up to 2 years federal prison (3 years if minor) |
| AI voice robocalls without consent | TCPA, ; FCC 24-17 | FCC enforcement; civil damages under TCPA |
Disclaimer: This article provides general legal information about Alabama deepfake laws based on statutes and federal law verified as of June 9, 2026. This area of law is changing rapidly; always verify current law with official sources. This article does not constitute legal advice and does not create an attorney-client relationship. Consult a licensed Alabama attorney for advice about your specific situation.
For the full 50-state comparison, see Deepfake and AI Voice Cloning Laws by State.
More Alabama Laws
Frequently Asked Questions
Is it illegal to make a deepfake of someone in Alabama?
It depends on the type. Alabama law specifically criminalizes distributing AI-generated materially deceptive media within 90 days of an election (Ala. Code § 17-5-16.1) and producing or distributing AI-generated child sexual abuse material (Ala. Code § 13A-12-197 as amended). For non-election, non-CSAM sexual deepfakes of adults, Alabama's private-image statute (Ala. Code § 13A-6-240) already reaches AI-generated intimate images of a real, identifiable person, and the federal TAKE IT DOWN Act (Pub. L. 119-12, 2025) provides an additional federal crime for publishing nonconsensual intimate deepfakes.
Is deepfake porn a crime in Alabama?
Yes. Alabama's private-image statute (Ala. Code § 13A-6-240), as amended in 2024, covers a recording that a reasonable person would believe depicts an identifiable individual regardless of whether it is artificially generated, so it reaches AI-generated intimate deepfakes of adults, not just real photographs. The federal TAKE IT DOWN Act provides an additional, overlapping remedy: it is a federal crime to knowingly publish nonconsensual intimate visual depictions, including AI-generated deepfakes of adults, punishable by up to two years in federal prison.
Can I sue someone for a deepfake in Alabama?
Alabama has limited civil remedies for deepfakes. Neither the AI-CSAM amendments (Ala. Code §§ 13A-12-190, 13A-12-197) nor the private-image statute (Ala. Code § 13A-6-240) creates a private civil cause of action for victims; the private-image statute lets the Attorney General seek an injunction, but that is not a suit by the victim. Common law misappropriation may apply when a deepfake is used for commercial purposes. The proposed federal DEFIANCE Act would create a civil cause of action with liquidated damages, but it has not become law.
Are AI voice clones illegal in Alabama?
Alabama has no specific law banning AI voice cloning. Common law misappropriation may reach commercial exploitation of a person's voice identity, but there is no right-of-publicity statute. Nationally, AI voice-cloned robocalls are illegal under the FCC's 2024 ruling (FCC 24-17) applying the TCPA to AI voices. The proposed federal NO FAKES Act would create a national voice-cloning right but is not yet law.
What is Alabama's election deepfake law?
Ala. Code § 17-5-16.1, enacted by HB 172 and effective October 1, 2024, makes it a Class A misdemeanor to distribute AI-generated materially deceptive media of a candidate within 90 days before an election when the distributor knew the depiction was false and intended both to harm the candidate and to deceive voters. A second violation within five years is a Class D felony. Satire, parody, news coverage, and content with clear AI disclaimers are exempt.
Does Alabama's AI-CSAM law cover all child sexual abuse material?
Yes. HB 168 (Act 2024-98, effective Oct. 1, 2024) amended Ala. Code § 13A-12-190's definitions to expressly cover AI-generated content that is virtually indistinguishable from a real minor, so the Class A felony production offense at Ala. Code § 13A-12-197 reaches AI-generated depictions of children that are indistinguishable from real minors, on top of the existing prohibition on real CSAM. Federal law (18 U.S.C. § 2256) has covered photorealistic AI CSAM since 2003. The 2024 amendment is criminal only; it does not create a private civil cause of action for CSAM victims.
What is the TAKE IT DOWN Act and does it apply in Alabama?
Yes, it applies in all 50 states including Alabama. The TAKE IT DOWN Act (Public Law 119-12, signed May 19, 2025) is the first federal law specifically criminalizing the publication of nonconsensual intimate visual depictions, including AI-generated deepfakes. The penalty is up to two years in federal prison. Platforms must remove flagged content within 48 hours or face FTC enforcement.
Does Alabama have a right of publicity law covering AI deepfakes?
No. Alabama has no statutory right of publicity. Common law misappropriation of name or likeness offers some protection when a person's identity is used commercially without consent, but that doctrine does not explicitly reach AI-generated voices or likenesses. Tennessee's ELVIS Act (effective July 1, 2024) is the current model for voice-and-likeness AI protection, but Alabama has not enacted a comparable law.
Updates
Fixed three broken Alabama statute citation links, corrected the AI-generated CSAM coverage to cite the definition that actually contains the AI language (Ala. Code § 13A-12-190, not § 13A-12-197), and removed an unsupported claim that Alabama's 2024 AI-CSAM amendment created a civil cause of action for victims.
Independently fact-checked against current primary sources.
Independently fact-checked against the cited primary sources
Updated NO FAKES Act federal bill citation to S.4591 (119th Congress, "NO FAKES Act of 2026") and current Senate Judiciary Committee status.
Corrected the article's repeated central claim (summary, KeyTakeaways, two body sections, the penalty table, and two FAQ answers) that Alabama has no law reaching AI-generated intimate deepfakes of adults. Ala. Code 13A-6-240(b)(2)(b), amended by Act 2024-98, expressly covers a recording a reasonable person would believe depicts an identifiable individual 'regardless of whether any portion of the recording depicts another individual or is artificially generated' -- so the state's existing private-image statute does reach adult NCII deepfakes.
Corrected meta_description (search/social snippet) to match the article's corrected thesis: Ala. Code 13A-6-240 does reach adult non-consensual intimate-image deepfakes.
Governing law re-checked for recent changes
Governing law re-checked for recent changes
Reviewed and approved by an editor
The Law Behind This Article
This article rests on 6 statutory provisions held in our own legal record, each retrieved from the official source. Tap a section to read the operative text.
Code of Alabama 1975, Title 13A: Criminal Code.
§ 13A-12-197Production of Child Sexual Abuse Material.In forcecited in 2 of our articles
Any person who knowingly films, prints, records, photographs, or otherwise produces any child sexual abuse material shall be guilty of a Class A felony.
Official text (excerpt) · as of 2026-07-29 · Read the full section at alison.legislature.state.al.us
Cited in 2 court opinionsMost recently applied by a court: 2010
Leading cases: Poole v. State (Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama 1992, 596 So. 2d 632) · McFadden v. State (Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama 2010, 67 So. 3d 169)
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Alabama Sexting Laws: Legal Consequences and Penalties
§ 13A-6-240Distributing a Private Image; Creating a Private Image.In forcecited in 9 of our articles
(a)(1) A person commits the crime of distributing a private image if he or she knowingly posts, emails, texts, transmits, or otherwise distributes a private image when the depicted individual has not consented in writing to the transmission and the depicted individual had a reasonable expectation of privacy against transmission of the private image. (2) A person commits the crime of creating a private image if he or she knowingly creates, records, or alters a private image when the depicted individual has not consented to the creation, recording, or alteration and the depicted individual had a reasonable expectation of privacy against the creation, recording, or alteration of the private image. (b)(1) For purposes of this section, “private image” means a photograph, digital image, video, film, or other recording of an individual who is identifiable from the recording itself or from the circumstances of its transmission and who is engaged in any act of sexually explicit conduct, as defined in Section 13A-12-190. (2) The term includes both of the following: a. A recording that has been edited, altered, or otherwise manipulated from its original form. b.
Official text (excerpt) · as of 2026-07-29 · Read the full section at alison.legislature.state.al.us
Cited in 2 court opinionsMost recently applied by a court: 2024
Leading cases: Z.P. v. Bryant (District Court, N.D. Alabama 2024) · Xia v. Morris (United States Bankruptcy Court, N.D. Alabama 2024)
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Alabama Video Recording Laws: What Is Legal and What Is Not, Alabama Voyeurism Laws: Hidden Cameras, Penalties, and Victim Rights, Alabama Recording Laws (2026): One-Party Consent Rules
Code of Alabama 1975, Title 17: Elections.
§ 17-5-16.1Distribution of Materially Deceptive Media to Influence an Upcoming Election.In forcecited in 2 of our articles
(a) For the purposes of this section, the following terms have the following meanings: (1) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. Any artificial system or generative artificial intelligence system that performs tasks under varying and unpredictable circumstances without significant human oversight or that can learn from experience and improve performance when exposed to data sets. (2) CREATOR. Any candidate, principal campaign committee, political party, political action committee, other political committee or entity, any employee, representative, or agent of the foregoing, or any other person who prepares, creates, or causes the preparation or creation and the dissemination of any political advertising, material, or media produced by generative artificial intelligence. The term does not include a broadcaster, cable provider, digital newspaper, online service, Internet service provider, streaming platform, or provider or developer of any technology in the generation of media by artificial intelligence, or any employee, representative, or agent thereof, solely for the distribution of a creator, sponsor, or purchaser’s political advertising, material, or media. (3) DEPICTED INDIVIDUAL.
Official text (excerpt) · as of 2026-07-29 · Read the full section at alison.legislature.state.al.us
Also relied on in: Alabama AI Laws and Regulation (2026)
United States Code Title 18
§ 2256Definitions for chapterIn forcecited in 53 of our articles
For the purposes of this chapter, the term— “minor” means any person under the age of eighteen years; Except as provided in subparagraph (B), “sexually explicit conduct” means actual or simulated— sexual intercourse, including genital-genital, oral-genital, anal-genital, or oral-anal, whether between persons of the same or opposite sex; bestiality; masturbation; sadistic or masochistic abuse; or lascivious exhibition of the anus, genitals, or pubic area of any person; For purposes of subsection 8(B) 1 So in original. Probably should be “(8)(B)”.
Official text (excerpt) · as of 2026-07-28 · Read the full section at uscode.house.gov
Cited in 1,142 court opinionsMost recently applied by a court: 2026
Leading cases: United States v. Williams (Supreme Court of the United States 2008, 553 U.S. 285) · Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (Supreme Court of the United States 2002, 535 U.S. 234) · United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc. (Supreme Court of the United States 1994, 513 U.S. 64)
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Deepfake & AI Voice Cloning Laws by State (2026), Alaska Deepfake Laws: AI Images, Voice Cloning & Penalties (2026), Arizona Deepfake Laws: AI Images, Voice Cloning & Penalties (2026)
United States Code Title 47
§ 227Restrictions on use of telephone equipmentIn forcecited in 36 of our articles
As used in this section— The term “automatic telephone dialing system” means equipment which has the capacity— to store or produce telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator; and to dial such numbers. The term “established business relationship”, for purposes only of subsection (b)(1)(C)(i), shall have the meaning given the term in section 64.1200 of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on January 1, 2003, except that— such term shall include a relationship between a person or entity and a business subscriber subject to the same terms applicable under such section to a relationship between a person or entity and a residential subscriber; and an established business relationship shall be subject to any time limitation established pursuant to paragraph (2)(G)).1 So in original. Second closing parenthesis probably should not appear.
Official text (excerpt) · as of 2026-07-28 · Read the full section at uscode.house.gov
Cited in 3,209 court opinionsMost recently applied by a court: 2026
Leading cases: Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez (Supreme Court of the United States 2016, 577 U.S. 153) · Auto-Owners Insurance Company v. Stevens & Ricci Inc (Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit 2016, 835 F.3d 388) · Facebook, Inc. v. Duguid (Supreme Court of the United States 2021, 592 U.S. 395)
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Massachusetts Recording Laws (2026): Two-Party Consent Rules, TCPA Explained: Robocall, Text, and Telemarketing Law (2026), TCPA Damages and Lawsuits: Penalties, Settlements (2026)
Tennessee Code Annotated
§ 47-25-1101Short title.In forcecited in 47 of our articles
This part shall be known and may be cited as the “Personal Rights Protection Act of 1984.”
Official text (excerpt) · as of 2021-05-21 · Read the full section at archive.org
Cited in 5 court opinionsMost recently applied by a court: 2011
Leading cases: Gracey v. Maddin (Court of Appeals of Tennessee 1989, 769 S.W.2d 497) · STATE EX REL. ELVIS PRESLEY INTL. MEMORIAL FOUNDATION v. Crowell (Court of Appeals of Tennessee 1987, 733 S.W.2d 89) · State ex rel. Elvis Presley International Memorial Foundation v. Crowell (Court of Appeals of Tennessee 1987, 733 S.W.2d 89)
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Tennessee Laws on Recording in Public: What You Can and Cannot Film, Tennessee Video Recording Laws: What Is Legal and What Is Not, Tennessee Workplace Recording Laws: Employee and Employer Rights
Search our full record of US law — 2.1 million sections, every state + federal →
Sources and References
- Ala. Code § 17-5-16.1 (enacted by HB 172, Act 2024-349), election deepfake criminal prohibition(law.justia.com)
- Ala. Code § 13A-12-197 (Class A felony CSAM production offense) and § 13A-12-190 (definitions, including AI-generated content indistinguishable from a real minor), as amended by HB 168 (Act 2024-98)(law.justia.com)
- Ala. Code § 13A-6-240, Distributing or Creating a Private Image (Article 11, Chapter 6, Title 13A)(law.justia.com)
- TAKE IT DOWN Act, Public Law 119-12 (S.146, 119th Congress, signed May 19, 2025)(congress.gov).gov
- FCC Declaratory Ruling FCC 24-17, AI-generated voices in robocalls illegal under TCPA(fcc.gov).gov
- 18 U.S.C. § 2256, Federal CSAM definitions including AI-generated material (PROTECT Act 2003)(law.cornell.edu)
- DEFIANCE Act, S.1837, 119th Congress (pending, not law)(congress.gov).gov