Vecino Moroso: How a Community Claims Unpaid Fees in Spain (2026)

Every comunidad ends up with at least one owner who stops paying. The LPH gives it a specific set of tools for that situation, sharper than what an ordinary creditor has: it can take away the moroso's vote, chase the debt through a monitorio process built for exactly this, and fall back on a lien against the flat itself. This page goes through the mechanics from the community's side, and what an owner behind on fees should know.

Information last verified on 23 July 2026. This page provides general legal information about Spanish law and does not constitute legal advice in an individual case.

Losing the vote, not the seat

The first consequence of falling behind lands in the room, not in court. An owner who is not up to date on all due community debts when a junta begins can still attend and take part in the discussion, but loses the right to vote, unless they have judicially challenged the debt or deposited the disputed sum judicially or notarially (art. 15.2 LPH). The minutes must record which owners were stripped of their vote, and neither their presence nor their share of the quotas counts toward the majorities the meeting needs to reach.

The community monitorio

Beyond losing a vote, the community can go after the money directly. Art. 21 LPH gives it two layers of tools.

First, the junta can adopt deterrent measures against morosidad while it lasts, such as interest above the legal rate or temporarily withdrawing access to services or facilities, provided the measure is not abusive, disproportionate, or a threat to habitability, and it cannot apply retroactively (art. 21.1 LPH). Community debts accrue interest from the moment payment was due and was not made, regardless of any such measure.

Second, and more consequential, the community can use the special monitorio process built specifically for horizontal-property debts to claim any amount owed, ordinary or extraordinary, general or individualizable expenses, or the fondo de reserva (art. 21.2 LPH). The registered owner can be named as the defendant purely so any judgment can be enforced against the property itself. To start it, the claim must attach a certificate of the debt-liquidation agreement, issued by whoever holds the secretary role with the president's sign-off, unless the secretary is a qualified professional secretario-administrador who will not personally handle the claim, in which case the president's signature is not required (art. 21.3 LPH).

The certificate must break down the exact amount owed, and the claim must also show proof the debtor was notified, which can be done subsidiarily by posting notice on the community noticeboard for at least three days. The claim can bundle in fees that accrue up to the notice and the full cost of pursuing the debt, including the secretario-administrador's own involvement, all charged to the debtor.

If the debtor opposes, the community can ask for a preventive embargo of the debtor's assets to cover the amount claimed, interest and costs, and the court grants it without requiring the community to post a bond, though the debtor can lift the embargo by posting the guarantees procedural law allows (art. 21.4 LPH). Where a lawyer or procurador is used, the debtor generally bears their fees, within the caps set by art. 394.3 LEC, and a fully favorable judgment for the community must include those fees even where using a lawyer was not strictly required (art. 21.5 LPH). The article also allows the debt, or any dispute about the duty to contribute to it, to go to mediation, conciliation or arbitration instead (art. 21.6 LPH).

The afeccion real: the community's real security

Behind the monitorio sits a stronger backstop. The community's credit for unpaid ordinary and extraordinary fees, covering the current year's accrued portion plus the three preceding years, ranks as a preferred credit, and the flat itself is legally tied to that debt (art. 9.1.e LPH). That lien is what lets a community recover from a sold property even after the owner who ran up the debt is gone, and it is also why buyers should always check a seller's community account certificate before closing, a point covered from the buyer's side on the derrama page.

How long the community has to sue

Unpaid community fees do not carry a special statutory limitation period of their own in the LPH, so the general rule for personal actions applies: five years from when performance could be demanded, and for continuing obligations the clock restarts with each new breach (art. 1964.2 CC). In practice, each fee's own five-year window runs from its own due date rather than one single clock for the whole debt. Older debts that predate the 2015 reform of this article may be affected by a separate transitional rule, which is worth checking specifically rather than assuming.

Before the monitorio: the burofax

In practice, a community rarely files a monitorio as the first move. The president or administrador usually sends a formal payment demand first, often by burofax, so there is a provable, dated record of the request before anyone goes to court. If that fails, the community's own monitorio under art. 21 LPH is the specialized route; a general creditor without that specific mechanism instead uses the ordinary monitorio process available for any documented debt.

This page is general legal information about Spanish law and does not constitute legal advice in an individual case. The controlling texts are the current versions in the BOE.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can a comunidad take away my vote for not paying fees?

Yes. If you are not up to date on due community debts when a junta starts, you keep the right to attend and speak but lose the right to vote, unless you have judicially challenged the debt or deposited the amount owed (art. 15.2 LPH). The minutes must record it, and your share does not count toward the meeting's majorities.

How does a community sue a vecino moroso for unpaid fees?

Through a special monitorio process built for horizontal-property debts (art. 21 LPH), filed with a certificate of the junta's debt-liquidation agreement carrying the secretary's signature and, usually, the president's sign-off. If you oppose the claim, a court can freeze your assets to cover the amount without the community needing to post a bond.

How far back can a comunidad claim unpaid fees from a buyer?

The flat itself is legally tied to the seller's unpaid ordinary and extraordinary fees for the current year plus the three preceding years (art. 9.1.e LPH). That lien is why buyers should request the seller's community-debt certificate before completing a purchase.

How long does a comunidad have to claim unpaid fees before they expire?

Community-fee debts follow the general five-year prescription for personal actions without a special term (art. 1964.2 CC), running from when each fee became due. Debts that predate the 2015 reform of that article may fall under a separate transitional rule.

Should I send a burofax before suing a neighbor for unpaid fees?

It is standard practice, not a strict filing requirement. A formal, dated demand, typically by burofax, creates a provable record that payment was requested before the community turns to the monitorio process, and it gives the debtor one more clear chance to pay before costs and interest grow.