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What creates antecedentes penales, what the certificate from the Registro Central de Penados actually states, the minors-work exception, and how the record eventually clears.
When a recording can be used as evidence in a Spanish court: a participant's recording is generally admissible, but a recording obtained by violating a fundamental right is excluded as prueba ilícita (art. 11.1 LOPJ). The limits explained.
What ASNEF is, when a debt can lawfully be listed (cierta, vencida, exigible, 50 euros or more, under 5 años), and how to get off it for free under LOPDGDD art. 20.
What a burofax certifies, what it costs, and where it changes legal outcomes: payment demands before eviction, debt claims, contract notices and ASNEF warnings.
Calumnia under art. 205 of Spain's Código Penal: the two elements, what falls outside them, the complete defence in art. 207, penalties, publicidad and how a querella gets filed.
How camera surveillance is regulated in Spain: the LOPDGDD's one-month deletion rule, the AEPD's requirements for community cameras, the domestic-use exception, and which vote a comunidad needs.
When Spanish antecedentes penales cancel: the 6-month to 10-year periods of art. 136 CP, when the clock starts, the no-reoffending condition, and a checker that computes your date.
How a collective dismissal (ERE) works in Spain: the art. 51 thresholds that make a dismissal collective, the 30-day período de consultas, the role of the labour authority, the 20-días compensation, and how an ERE differs from an ERTE. Anchored to the ET.
How a comunidad de propietarios is legally structured in Spain: common vs private elements, the junta's full majority ladder, challenging an agreement, and the 2025 short-let vote.
How Spain's community of owners actually works: the LPH majority ladder, cuotas and the afeccion real, the morosos process, noise complaints and the 2025 short-let vote.
Everyday legal questions in Spain that don't fit neatly under bigger topics: the dangerous-dog licence regime, where camera and drone rules live, and carrying a knife.
How Spain's criminal-record system works: what creates antecedentes penales, the certificate employers ask for, the cancellation clocks of art. 136 CP, and the records people confuse.
Art. 92 CC in full: when shared custody follows automatically from parental agreement, when a judge can order it at one parent's request, and the criminal-process and violence bar that closes it off entirely.
How data protection works in Spain: the RGPD and the LOPDGDD, the AEPD as the supervisory authority, the six rights you can exercise, and how to complain for free. Anchored to the BOE and the AEPD.
How debt works in Spain from both sides: getting out of the ASNEF default register (a free legal right, not paid credit repair), discharging debt through the second-chance law, and the monitorio to claim or answer a debt. Anchored to the BOE.
The notarial declaración de herederos abintestato: who can request it, the documents and two witnesses, the 20-working-day wait, and the legal order of intestate heirs in Spain.
How defamation works in Spain: the criminal offences of calumnia and injuria, the querella and conciliación procedure, and the civil honor action under LO 1/1982. Anchored to the BOE.
What makes an offence a delito leve in Spain, the penalties of art. 33.4 CP, how the juicio por delitos leves works under LECrim arts. 962 to 967, and why it still creates a criminal record.
How to file a denuncia under LECrim arts. 259 to 269: the duty to report, who is exempt, the written and verbal forms, the telematic limits, and when a querella is required instead.
How derramas work in a Spanish comunidad de propietarios: which works need no vote at all, what majority discretionary works need, and who pays when a flat changes hands.
Spanish traffic fines explained: the 100/200/500 € bands, what the 20-day pronto pago really trades away, the alegaciones and appeal ladder, and the deadlines that make fines expire.
What Spaniards call divorcio express is the notarial or LAJ divorce under art. 87 CC: no minor non-emancipated children, a three-month wait from the wedding, and a convenio regulador instead of a courtroom.
The map of Spanish traffic law: how DGT fines are set and challenged, how the 12-point licence works, the clocks that make fines expire, and where traffic offences turn criminal.
How drone footage of people is regulated in Spain: the 2024 change in the aviation rule, where to find current operational limits, and the RGPD duties that apply when a drone captures identifiable people.
How dismissal and severance work in Spain: the three kinds of despido, what improcedente and objetivo pay (33 vs 20 días), the 20-day deadline to challenge it, and where the Juzgado de lo Social fits. Anchored to the Estatuto de los Trabajadores.
The Spanish desahucio step by step: the 10-day court requerimiento, the one-time enervación by paying everything owed, the fixed lanzamiento date, and the vulnerability suspension.
The types of excedencia in Spain and what each protects: voluntaria (right to return, no reserved post), for childcare (up to 3 years, post reserved the first year), for family care (up to 2 years), and forzosa. The reserva-vs-reingreso distinction explained. Anchored to art. 46 ET.
The map of Spanish family law: the notarial mutuo-acuerdo divorce, custodia compartida, child support and the offline CGPJ tables, the gananciales default, and protection orders.
Calculate your finiquito: days worked of the final month, untaken vacation and accrued pagas extra, with a worked example and what to check before signing the recibo.
How FOGASA works when a Spanish employer is insolvent: the unpaid wages it covers (up to 120 días), the part of severance it pays, the ceilings tied to twice the daily minimum wage, and the one-year deadline to claim. Anchored to art. 33 ET.
How Spain's legítima works: the two-thirds reserve for children in the Código Civil, the widow's usufruct, disinheritance, and the different foral fractions in Cataluña, Galicia, Aragón, País Vasco, Baleares and Navarra.
The legal margin of error for Spanish speed cameras: the tighter figures for new instruments, the looser figures once a radar is in service, and how the margin can factor into an appeal.
The real appeal ladder for a Spanish traffic fine: what to argue in alegaciones, the recurso de reposición, the contencioso-administrativo, and what paying early gives up.
How to complain to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos: when to file a reclamación, doing it free at the sede electrónica, what the AEPD can and cannot do, and why compensation is a separate civil matter. Anchored to the RGPD and the AEPD.
The lawful steps to reclaim money owed in Spain: documenting the debt, the burofax demand, the monitorio, and enforcement, plus the 5-year prescription period.
Every comunidad autónoma's inheritance tax bonificación for spouses, children and parents in one table, from Cantabria and Baleares at 100 percent to Aragón and Asturias with no general credit at all, plus how the punto de conexión decides which comunidad's rules apply.
The Spanish herencia from death certificate to property registration: finding the will, the declaración de herederos, accepting or renouncing, the partition, and the six-month tax deadline.
The map of Spanish inheritance: the succession process, the forced-heirship legítima, the notarial declaración de herederos, and the six-month inheritance-tax clock that varies by comunidad.
Andalucía's 99 percent bonificación for Grupo I and II heirs and donees, mortis causa and inter vivos, the documento público condition on gifts over 5,000 euros, and how it fits into the state calculation.
How Cataluña's art. 58 bis bonificación works: a flat 99 percent for spouses, a sliding scale from 99 percent down to 20 percent for the rest of Grupo I and II, and the rule that trades other reducciones for the bonificación.
Galicia's headline benefit is a 1,000,000 euro base reduction for spouses and children alike, but the separate 99 percent cuota credit applies only to Grupo I heirs under 21, not to Grupo II.
How Madrid's 99 percent bonificación cuts the impuesto de sucesiones for spouses, children and parents, the 50 percent rate for Grupo III since July 2025, and a worked example of what the discount means in euros.
How Murcia's 99 percent deducción autonómica works for spouses, children and parents under art. 3.Cinco of Decreto Legislativo 1/2010, and how it fits into the state calculation.
Valencia's 99 percent bonificación for Grupo I and II heirs and donees under art. 12 bis, and why Grupo III's rate needs checking against the current text before you rely on it.
Why Spain's national ISD law and the regional bonificaciones on this site do not apply in the País Vasco, how the three Diputaciones Forales set their own rules under the Concierto Económico, and the legítima there.
Injuria under art. 208 of Spain's Código Penal: the dignity standard, the gravity filter, why truth rarely helps, the domestic-sphere exception and the civil alternative under LO 1/1982.
What counts as calumnia and injuria in Spain, the penalties in arts. 205 to 216 CP, the querella and acto de conciliación procedure, the one-year deadline and the civil alternative.
Yes, if you are in it. Spain's settled participant-recording doctrine (STC 114/1984) explained: recording your own conversation is lawful and usable as evidence, but recording other people's private conversation is a crime under art. 197 CP.
How Spain's juicio rápido works under LECrim art. 795: which offences qualify, the police diligencias of art. 796, and the one-third sentence reduction of art. 801 for a conformidad.
Spain's knife law under RD 137/1993: which blades are prohibited outright, the 11cm navaja limit, free adult possession at home, the general carry ban of art. 146, and the LO 4/2015 fine.
The three forms of Spanish will: the notarial testamento abierto, the handwritten ológrafo and the sealed cerrado, plus the Registro de Últimas Voluntades and the legítima limit.
How an objective dismissal works in Spain: the causes in art. 52 ET (ineptitude, failure to adapt, economic reasons), the 20 días per year compensation capped at 12 mensualidades, the 15-day notice, and how it turns into improcedente. Anchored to the ET.
The two okupa offences and their penalties, what the 2025 juicio rápido reform actually changed, why the 48-hour eviction claim is a myth, and the routes an owner really has.
The difference between a cautelar alejamiento and a full orden de proteccion, who can request one, the 72-hour hearing, and the mandatory prison term for breaching one against a protected victim.
The proportionality rule behind Spanish child support, what alimentos legally cover, when the amount can change, and why the CGPJ's online tablas orientadoras tool is currently offline.
Spain's regime for perros potencialmente peligrosos: the municipal licence under Ley 50/1999, the breed list and 120,000 euro insurance in RD 287/2002, penalties, and how the 2023 animal-welfare law fits alongside it.
The clear rule in Spain: recording a conversation you are part of is lawful (STC 114/1984), but recording other people's private conversations is a crime under art. 197 CP. What that means for evidence, and the limits on publishing a recording.
Art. 94 CC's visitation rules: how a judge sets time, manner and place, and the Ley 8/2021 bar that suspends or blocks visitation entirely when a parent faces a criminal process or is imprisoned for violence.
How to renounce an inheritance in Spain: the notarial deed requirement, why it is irrevocable and unconditional, the 9-day and 30-day clocks, who takes the share, and the tax difference from renouncing in favour of someone.
How rent can legally be updated in a Spanish lease: the no-clause-no-increase rule, the IGC fallback, and the IRAV index that now caps updates on contracts signed after May 2023.