Indiana Smart Glasses Recording Laws 2025

Yes, smart glasses are legal to own and wear in Indiana. Because Indiana is a one-party consent state under Ind. Code 35-33.5, you may record any conversation you are a participant in without telling the other party. The audio capture that smart glasses produce is lawful for participants; video in public is generally permitted too. The serious risks arise if you record in private spaces where voyeurism law (Ind. Code 35-45-4-5) applies, or if you are not a party to the conversation being captured.

Are Smart Glasses Legal to Own and Wear in Indiana?

Yes. Indiana has no statute that restricts owning, purchasing, or wearing smart glasses such as Meta Ray-Ban AI glasses. The device is sold and used throughout the state, and its possession creates no legal issue under Indiana or federal law.

The legal analysis begins only when the glasses are used to capture audio or video. At that point, the relevant questions are: what is being recorded, who is speaking, and where does the recording take place.

Recording Video in Public vs. Private Spaces

Public spaces

Recording video in a public space is lawful in Indiana under both state and federal law. A street, sidewalk, park, retail store lobby, or other generally accessible area carries a diminished reasonable expectation of privacy from being seen or filmed. Under the two-part test Justice Harlan set out in his concurrence in Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967), a reasonable expectation of privacy requires both an actual (subjective) expectation of privacy and one that society is prepared to recognize as reasonable. Persons who step into a public space accept a degree of visibility.

At the federal level, the Wiretap Act (18 U.S.C. § 2510) defines an "oral communication" as one uttered under circumstances justifying a reasonable expectation against interception. Silent video in public does not satisfy that definition. Because the Wiretap Act reaches only "aural transfers" containing the human voice, video-only recording without audio capture is simply not a wiretap under 18 U.S.C. § 2511. Indiana law mirrors this framework.

Smart glasses worn at a public event, on a city street, in a shopping center, or at an outdoor gathering do not create legal exposure from video capture alone.

Semi-public and private spaces

The analysis shifts once you enter a space where a stronger expectation of privacy attaches. A private home, medical office, hotel room, or closed meeting room carries an unambiguous expectation of privacy. Even technically accessible spaces can qualify: a restaurant booth during a private conversation, a workplace meeting room, or a one-on-one session in a break room may all be contexts where participants reasonably expect their spoken words will not be captured and kept.

Indiana courts apply the same Katz two-prong framework when evaluating whether a location or conversation is "private." Smart glasses worn inside a private home, a medical examination room, or a similarly private setting during a conversation the wearer does not own create real legal risk regardless of consent.

Federal voyeurism floor

18 U.S.C. § 1801, the federal Video Voyeurism Prevention Act, separately prohibits recording the private areas of a person on federal property without consent where the person has a reasonable expectation of privacy. This federal floor operates on federal property; Indiana's voyeurism statute (discussed below) extends equivalent protection to all locations in the state.

Recording Audio and Indiana's One-Party Consent Rule

The consent framework

Indiana is a one-party consent state. Ind. Code 35-33.5 governs the interception of wire and electronic communications in Indiana. Under the one-party rule, a person who is a party to a communication may record it without the knowledge or consent of any other party. This aligns with the federal baseline in 18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(d), which provides that a person who is a party to a communication or who has the consent of one party may lawfully record it, provided the recording is not for a criminal or tortious purpose.

For smart glasses wearers, this means: if you are in a conversation with another person (or a group of people), you may record that conversation without telling anyone. The audio your glasses capture is a lawful recording under Indiana law so long as you are a participant.

The civil interception statute

Indiana also has a separate civil interception remedy. A person whose communication is unlawfully intercepted may recover the greater of actual damages or $100 per day for each day of violation, with a floor of $1,000, plus punitive damages and attorney fees. The statute of limitations for a civil claim is two years from the initial violation. This civil track runs independently of any criminal prosecution.

What the one-party rule does NOT cover

The one-party consent framework has two important limits that are directly relevant to smart glasses:

First, if you are not a party to the conversation at all, the one-party exception does not protect you. A person who holds smart glasses to capture the audio of a nearby conversation between two other people who are not speaking to the glasses wearer is not a "party" to that exchange. Indiana's interception statute does not reach that situation: Ind. Code 35-33.5 applies only to electronic communications, defined as communications transmitted in whole or in part by a wire, a radio, or an electromagnetic, photoelectronic, or photo-optical system (Ind. Code 35-31.5-2-110 and 35-31.5-2-176). A face-to-face conversation picked up by a bystander's microphone is not one. The exposure there is federal: 18 U.S.C. § 2511 prohibits intercepting an oral communication made under circumstances justifying an expectation that it will not be intercepted, unless a party to it consents.

Second, even for lawful one-party recordings, the purpose of the recording matters. The federal one-party exception at 18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(d) expressly does not apply when the interception is "for the purpose of committing any criminal or tortious act." Recording a conversation you are part of in order to commit fraud, blackmail, or harassment does not receive the one-party consent protection.

Interstate calls

When Indiana residents record calls or audio from participants in another state, the stricter of the two states' consent rules may govern. If you are in Indiana (one-party) but your call partner is in Illinois (all-party under 720 ILCS 5/14-2), Illinois law could reach the recording under choice-of-law principles if litigation arises there. Recording across state lines where one state requires all-party consent carries real legal risk that Indiana's domestic one-party rule does not resolve.

The practical takeaway

For the overwhelming majority of smart glasses use in Indiana (recording conversations you are actively engaged in, in public or semi-public settings), one-party consent gives a clear legal foundation. The risk profile in Indiana is materially lower than in California, Florida, Maryland, or Washington, where all-party consent statutes apply.

For more on Indiana's consent framework, see the Indiana Recording Laws page.

Where You Cannot Record: Voyeurism and Unlawful Surveillance

Regardless of one-party consent, Indiana law absolutely prohibits recording in locations where a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy from observation of their body or intimate conduct.

Ind. Code 35-45-4-5 addresses voyeurism and public voyeurism. Subsection (b) prohibits peeping, without consent, into an occupied dwelling of another person or into an area where a person can reasonably be expected to disrobe, including restrooms, baths, showers, and dressing rooms. Subsection (d), public voyeurism, prohibits peeping at another person's private area without consent and recording an image of it with a camera. "Private area" means the naked or undergarment-clad genitals, pubic area, or buttocks. Public voyeurism is not tied to particular types of locations: it turns on recording a person's private area with a camera without consent, wherever that happens. It is a defense to public voyeurism that the person deliberately exposed their own private area.

The base voyeurism offense in subsection (b), peeping into a restroom, bath, shower, or dressing room without consent, is a Class B misdemeanor. But subsection (c) elevates that same offense to a Level 6 felony (6 months to 2.5 years imprisonment, fine up to $10,000) on the first offense alone if it is committed by means of a camera, or if the person has a prior unrelated conviction under this section. Because smart glasses are themselves a camera, using them to record someone in one of these spaces is a first-offense Level 6 felony under subsections (b) and (c) together, not the lesser misdemeanor that applies to camera-free peeping. A separate 'public voyeurism' offense under subsection (d), recording a person's private area with a camera without consent outside the peeping context above, carries its own Class A misdemeanor on a first offense (up to 365 days, $5,000 fine), rising to a Level 6 felony only with a prior conviction or if the images are disseminated.

The locations where this prohibition clearly applies include restrooms, locker rooms, gym changing areas, fitting rooms, private residences, hotel rooms, and medical examination rooms.

The covert appearance of smart glasses is irrelevant to this analysis. The law prohibits the recording, not the particular form of recording device. Because smart glasses look like ordinary eyewear to bystanders, they may be seen as an aggravating factor (evidence of covert and deliberate conduct) rather than a mitigating one in a prosecution.

Federal law adds a parallel floor: 18 U.S.C. § 1801, the Video Voyeurism Prevention Act, separately prohibits recording a person's private areas on federal property where they have a reasonable expectation of privacy.

The rule is absolute: no consent from any third party, and no location argument, can legalize recording someone's intimate areas in a space where they reasonably expect privacy from observation.

Facial Recognition and Biometric Privacy

Indiana does not have a dedicated biometric privacy statute equivalent to Illinois's Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA), Texas's Capture or Use of Biometric Identifier Act (CUBI), or Washington's biometric identifier law (RCW Chapter 19.375).

Under Indiana state law alone, using a smart glasses facial recognition application to scan and identify strangers does not trigger a standalone biometric statute the way it would in Illinois (where BIPA imposes up to $5,000 per person in statutory damages for capturing face geometry without written consent), Texas (where CUBI allows civil penalties of up to $25,000 per violation for commercial capture without consent), or Washington (where RCW 19.375.020 requires notice or consent before commercial enrollment of biometric data in a database).

Indiana users are not without legal exposure, however. Common-law privacy torts apply statewide. Under Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652B, intentionally intruding upon the solitude or seclusion of another person in a manner that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person creates civil liability regardless of whether any state biometric statute is on the books. The act of covert recording itself satisfies that standard; publication of the footage is not required for the intrusion claim to arise.

The practical biometric risk is most acute through third-party software integrations. Meta's Ray-Ban AI glasses provide a camera; they do not natively run facial recognition. Legal exposure arises when a wearer pairs the glasses with a third-party facial recognition application to identify strangers in real time. In October 2024, Harvard students demonstrated the "I-XRAY" system, pairing Meta Ray-Ban glasses with a reverse facial-recognition search engine to identify strangers on the street and retrieve their home addresses and partial Social Security numbers within minutes. That project used third-party software; Meta's own platform was not involved in the identification. Indiana users who replicate this type of integration face common-law tort liability and, critically, may face exposure under the biometric laws of the states where the identified persons reside, particularly Illinois if any identified individual is an Illinois resident.

Penalties Summary

Indiana structures criminal penalties using a felony level system. The table below covers the offenses most relevant to smart glasses use.

At the federal level, the Wiretap Act (18 U.S.C. § 2511) independently imposes up to 5 years imprisonment for criminal violations and civil liability of at least $10,000 per unlawful interception. Federal charges can stack with state charges when both statutes are violated by the same conduct.

Practical Tips for Smart Glasses Users in Indiana

One-party consent means you can record conversations you are part of. If you are genuinely engaged in a conversation (you are speaking with the other person and they are speaking with you), you are a party under Indiana law and may record without disclosure. You do not need to announce that your glasses are recording.

Keep the LED active. Meta's Ray-Ban AI glasses include a built-in capture LED near the right frame that illuminates whenever the camera is actively recording video, taking a photo, or streaming live. Indiana does not currently mandate a recording indicator for wearables, but deliberately covering or disabling the LED removes the one visible signal that recording is occurring. If a dispute arises, covering the LED is evidence of deliberate covert recording intent. California SB 1130 would have gone further and made disabling an indicator light a criminal offense in that state, but the Governor vetoed it on September 30, 2026, so it never became law; Indiana has no equivalent bill, but the underlying logic applies everywhere.

You must be a genuine participant to invoke one-party consent. If you are within earshot of a conversation between two other people who are not speaking to you and you use smart glasses to capture their audio, you are not a "party" to that communication. The one-party rule does not extend to bystander surveillance of third-party conversations. Recording those conversations without consent from at least one actual participant can be unlawful interception under the federal Wiretap Act when the speakers reasonably expect privacy. Indiana's own interception statute covers only communications transmitted electronically, such as phone calls, not face-to-face conversations.

Interstate calls require extra care. If you record a call with someone in California, Florida, Maryland, Washington, or another all-party consent state, Indiana's one-party rule does not immunize you from that state's law if a legal dispute arises there. Disclose the recording when participating in conversations with people in all-party consent states to eliminate the risk entirely.

Never record in private spaces. The voyeurism prohibition under Ind. Code 35-45-4-5 applies to any camera and any reason. What takes conduct outside the statute is the consent of the person being observed (and, for public voyeurism, that person deliberately exposing their own private area), not your intent or the device you use. Remove the glasses before entering locker rooms, restrooms, changing rooms, or other spaces where persons have a clear expectation of privacy from observation. The fact that smart glasses look like ordinary eyewear does not reduce exposure; it can increase it.

Facial recognition adds complexity. Indiana has no biometric statute, but using smart glasses to identify strangers via facial recognition software exposes you to common-law tort liability in Indiana and potentially to BIPA liability in Illinois if any identified person is an Illinois resident. Avoid third-party facial recognition integrations unless you have independent legal advice covering all relevant states.

Driving caution. Indiana's distracted-driving laws focus primarily on handheld electronic device use. No Indiana statute as of June 2026 specifically addresses wearable display devices while driving. Navigation use is likely analogous to a mounted GPS and is lower-risk. Using smart glasses for live streaming, social media interaction, or video calls while operating a vehicle raises the same distracted-driving exposure as any electronic device distraction, and that legal status remains unsettled in Indiana as elsewhere.

More Indiana Laws

• Indiana Data Privacy Laws
• Indiana Deepfake Laws
• Indiana Drone Laws
• Indiana Recording Laws

Frequently Asked Questions

Is Indiana a one-party or two-party consent state for recording?

Indiana is a one-party consent state under Ind. Code 35-33.5. A participant in a conversation may record it without notifying or obtaining consent from any other party. This aligns with the federal baseline in 18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(d).

Can I record a conversation with my smart glasses in Indiana without telling the other person?

Yes, if you are a participant in the conversation. Indiana's one-party consent rule permits a party to record without disclosure. You cannot invoke this rule if you are not actually part of the conversation: capturing audio of a nearby exchange between two people who are not speaking to you can violate the federal Wiretap Act if they reasonably expect privacy, unless at least one participant consents.

What is the penalty for illegally recording someone in Indiana?

Unlawful interception of a wire or electronic communication under Ind. Code 35-33.5 is a Level 5 felony: 1 to 6 years imprisonment and a fine up to $10,000. On the civil side, a victim may recover the greater of actual damages or $100 per day of violation with a minimum of $1,000, plus punitive damages and attorney fees.

Can I secretly film someone with smart glasses in Indiana?

In public spaces, video-only recording is generally lawful. In private spaces such as restrooms, locker rooms, changing rooms, and private residences, peeping or recording without the person's consent is prohibited under Ind. Code 35-45-4-5. Because smart glasses are a camera, using them to peep into one of these spaces is a Level 6 felony under subsections (b)-(c) on the first offense alone (6 months to 2.5 years, up to $10,000 fine), not a misdemeanor. A separate, lesser 'public voyeurism' offense under subsection (d) carries only a Class A misdemeanor on a first offense (up to 365 days, $5,000 fine), rising to a Level 6 felony with a prior conviction or dissemination. The covert appearance of smart glasses does not create any exception and may aggravate the offense.

Does Indiana have a biometric privacy law that applies to smart glasses?

No. Indiana has no dedicated biometric privacy statute comparable to Illinois BIPA, Texas CUBI, or Washington RCW 19.375. Using smart glasses with facial recognition in Indiana does not trigger a state biometric statute, but common-law privacy torts (intrusion upon seclusion under Restatement § 652B) still apply, and if you identify an Illinois resident, Illinois BIPA's statutory damages may reach you.

Are Meta Ray-Ban smart glasses legal in Indiana?

Yes, the device is legal to own and wear. The legality of use depends on what you record, where, and whether you are a participant in any conversation being captured. Meta's capture LED provides an external recording indicator, and deliberately covering it strengthens evidence of covert recording intent if a dispute arises.

Can I record a police officer with smart glasses in Indiana?

Recording police officers performing their duties in a public space is generally protected under the First Amendment. The Seventh Circuit, which covers Indiana, has recognized a First Amendment right to record on-duty officers in public. As a participant in any street encounter or traffic stop, Indiana's one-party consent rule also permits audio recording of that conversation.

What happens if I record someone in Indiana who is in a two-party consent state?

If you record a call with someone in California, Florida, Maryland, or another all-party consent state, Indiana's one-party rule does not immunize you from that state's wiretap law if litigation arises there. Choice-of-law principles can expose you to the stricter state's penalties. The safest approach is to disclose any recording when the other participant is in an all-party consent state.