Vermont
Vermont Landlord-Tenant Recording Laws
Independently fact-checked against primary sources (last audited November 1, 2026). · Reviewed by the RecordingLaw editorial team. · Law checked current as of November 1, 2026. · 4 primary sources cited on this page. How we verify our legal content
Vermont tenants can record conversations with their landlord under federal one-party consent law, 18 U.S.C. 2511. Landlords cannot secretly record tenants inside a rental unit; Vermont's voyeurism statute, 13 V.S.A. 2605(d), bars surveillance or recording of a person without that person's knowledge and consent in a place within a home where they have a reasonable expectation of privacy. Both rules apply to all Vermont landlord-tenant situations.
Vermont's one-party consent framework (federal law, 18 U.S.C. 2511) allows tenants to record conversations with landlords. This guide covers recording rights, camera rules, entry requirements, and evidence use.
Tenant Recording Rights
You can record in-person conversations, phone calls, inspections, and walkthroughs with your landlord. Common uses: documenting repair agreements, harassment, illegal entry, deposit disputes.
You cannot record landlord conversations with others you are not part of, or install cameras aimed at other tenants.
Landlord Cameras
Landlords can place cameras in common areas (lobbies, hallways, parking). Landlords cannot secretly record inside tenant units. Under 13 V.S.A. 2605, subsection (d), no person may intentionally conduct surveillance of, photograph, film, or record a person without that person's knowledge and consent while the person is in a place within a home or residence where they have a reasonable expectation of privacy. Violations could result in criminal charges.
Entry Requirements
Under 9 V.S.A. 4460, a landlord may enter with the tenant's consent, which may not be unreasonably withheld. Otherwise, landlords must give at least 48 hours' notice and may enter only between 9 a.m. and 9 p.m., and only to inspect when necessary, make necessary or agreed repairs, alterations, or improvements, supply agreed services, or show the unit to a prospective purchaser, mortgagee, tenant, worker, or contractor. A landlord may enter without consent or notice only on a reasonable belief of imminent danger to a person or property, a narrower standard than a general emergency exception. Tenants can use cameras to document entries and verify compliance.
Security Deposits
Recording inspections creates evidence for deposit disputes. Vermont law (9 V.S.A. 4461) governs deposit return requirements.
Fair Housing
Recordings of discriminatory statements can be submitted to HUD or the Vermont Human Rights Commission.
More Vermont Recording Laws
Audio Recording | Video Recording | Voyeurism & Hidden Cameras | Workplace Recording | Recording Police | Phone Call Recording | Security Cameras | Recording in Public | Landlord-Tenant | Dashcam Laws | Schools | Medical Recording
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can I record my landlord in Vermont?
Yes. Federal one-party consent allows recording conversations you participate in.
Can my landlord put cameras in my apartment?
Not secretly. 13 V.S.A. 2605(d) bars recording a person without that person's knowledge and consent in a place within a home where they have a reasonable expectation of privacy. Your rental unit is protected.
Can my landlord enter without notice in Vermont?
Without your consent, only when the landlord reasonably believes there is imminent danger to a person or property. A landlord may enter with your consent, which you may not unreasonably withhold. Otherwise, 9 V.S.A. 4460 requires at least 48 hours' notice and limits entry to 9 a.m. to 9 p.m., for inspection, necessary or agreed repairs, agreed services, or showings.
Can I install cameras in my rental?
Generally yes, subject to your lease. Do not secretly record roommates, guests, or anyone else where they would expect privacy, such as a bedroom or bathroom (13 V.S.A. 2605(d)), and turn off audio unless you are part of the conversation or a participant agrees, because recording other people's private conversations can be a federal crime under 18 U.S.C. 2511.
Can recordings help in a security deposit dispute?
Yes. Inspection recordings are commonly used in Vermont courts.
Updates
Clarified that Vermont's ban on secret recording inside a home applies to tenants as well as landlords, and that a landlord may also enter with the tenant's consent. Corrected the landlord entry grounds to match Vermont law: with 48 hours' notice a landlord may enter for necessary or agreed repairs, not only agreed ones.
Independently fact-checked against the cited primary sources; governing law re-checked for recent changes
Corrected the legal basis for the rule against hidden landlord cameras, which now cites Vermont's voyeurism statute (13 V.S.A. 2605(d)) instead of a court case about police recording.
Replaced the vague 'reasonable notice, except in emergencies' entry-notice claim with the actual rule under 9 V.S.A. 4460: at least 48 hours' notice, entry only between 9 a.m. and 9 p.m., limited to specific purposes, with a narrower imminent-danger exception rather than a general emergency exception.
Independently fact-checked against the cited primary sources; governing law re-checked for recent changes
Governing law re-checked for recent changes
Reviewed and approved by an editor
The Law Behind This Article
This article rests on the statutory provisions below, held in our own legal record and retrieved from the official source. Tap a section to read the operative text.
Vermont Statutes Annotated, Title 9: Commerce and Trade, Chapter 137: Residential Rental Agreements, Subchapter: RESIDENTIAL RENTAL AGREEMENTS
§ 4460AccessIn forcecited in 3 of our articles
(a) A landlord may enter the dwelling unit with the tenant’s consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld. (b) A landlord may also enter the dwelling unit for the following purposes between the hours of 9:00 A.M. and 9:00 P.M. on no less than 48 hours’ notice: (1) when necessary to inspect the premises; (2) to make necessary or agreed repairs, alterations, or improvements; (3) to supply agreed services; or (4) to exhibit the dwelling unit to prospective or actual purchasers, mortgagees, tenants, workers, or contractors. (c) A landlord may only enter the dwelling unit without consent or notice when the landlord has a reasonable belief that there is imminent danger to any person or to property. (Added 1985, No. 175 (Adj. Sess.), § 1.)
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-08-01 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at legislature.vermont.gov
Cited in 5 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2026
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Willard v. PARSONS HILL PARTNERSHIP (Supreme Court of Vermont 2005, 178 Vt. 300)“…its unless they are responding to a tenant's complaint. See 9 V.S.A. § 4460 (establishing notice and consent requir…”
- Kaitlin Barry v. Chris C. Khamnei (Supreme Court of Vermont 2013)“…e court agreed that the entry should not have occurred. See 9 V.S.A. § 4460 (providing circumstances under which la…”
- Tender Loving Homecare v. Baldwin (Vermont Superior Court 2026)“…ing Ms. Baldwin to comply with her access obligations under 9 V.S.A. § 4460(b). The Court found that Tender Loving…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Vermont Landlord-Tenant Laws (2026): Deposits, Notice, and Tenant Rights, Vermont Ring Doorbell Laws: What You Need to Know in 2026
§ 4461Security depositsIn forcecited in 2 of our articles
(a) A security deposit is any advance, deposit, or prepaid rent, however named, which is refundable to the tenant at the termination or expiration of the tenancy. The function of a security deposit is to secure the performance of a tenant’s obligations to pay rent and to maintain a dwelling unit. (b) The landlord may retain all or a portion of the security deposit for: (1) nonpayment of rent; (2) damage to property of the landlord, unless the damage is the result of normal wear and tear or the result of actions or events beyond the control of the tenant; (3) nonpayment of utility or other charges that the tenant was required to pay directly to the landlord or to a utility; and (4) expenses required to remove from the rental unit articles abandoned by the tenant. (c) A landlord shall return the security deposit along with a written statement itemizing any deductions to a tenant within 14 days from the date on which the landlord discovers that the tenant vacated or abandoned the dwelling unit or the date the tenant vacated the dwelling unit, provided the landlord received notice from the tenant of that date.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-08-01 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at legislature.vermont.gov
Cited in 25 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2026
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- In Re Soon Kwon (Supreme Court of Vermont 2011, 189 Vt. 598)“…the statement... to the last known address of the tenant.” 9 V.S.A. § 4461(d). The ordinance supplements this requ…”
- State v. Hemingway (Supreme Court of Vermont 2014, 196 Vt. 441)“…ast known address of the tenant.’ ” Id. ¶ 10 (quoting 9 V.S.A. § 4461(d)). The statute also explained that if…”
- Johnson v. Mrv Holdings (Vermont Superior Court 2025)“…gust 22, 2022, alleging the following claims: violation of 9 V.S.A. § 4461 for an alleged failure to return a resi…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
United States Code Title 18
§ 2511Interception and disclosure of wire, oral, or electronic communications prohibitedIn forcecited in 441 of our articles
Except as otherwise specifically provided in this chapter any person who— intentionally intercepts, endeavors to intercept, or procures any other person to intercept or endeavor to intercept, any wire, oral, or electronic communication; intentionally uses, endeavors to use, or procures any other person to use or endeavor to use any electronic, mechanical, or other device to intercept any oral communication when— such device is affixed to, or otherwise transmits a signal through, a wire, cable, or other like connection used in wire communication; or such device transmits communications by radio, or interferes with the transmission of such communication; or such person knows, or has reason to know, that such device or any component thereof has been sent through the mail or transported in interstate or foreign commerce; or such use or endeavor to use (A) takes place on the premises of any business or other commercial establishment the operations of which affect interstate or foreign commerce; or (B) obtains or is for the purpose of obtaining information relating to the operations of any business or other commercial establishment the operations of which affect interstate or foreign…
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-09-17 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at uscode.house.gov
Cited in 2,045 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2026
In the courts (editorial summary, independently checked):Griggs-Ryan v. Smith (1990) applied the Section 2511(2)(d) prior-consent exception, treating a tenant repeatedly told that all incoming calls were taped as having impliedly consented. United States v. United States District Court (1972) read the then-current Section 2511(3) as conferring no presidential surveillance power.
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Mitchell v. Forsyth (Supreme Court of the United States 1985, 472 U.S. 511)✓The Attorney General authorized a warrantless 1970 national security wiretap that caught the plaintiff's calls; the Court held the since-repealed Section 2511(3) disclaimer left the tap lawful under Title III, and that Mitchell had qualified immunity.
- United States v. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (Supreme Court of the United States 1972, 407 U.S. 297)✓The Attorney General approved warrantless wiretaps on members of a domestic group accused of bombing a CIA office; the Court read Section 2511(3) as a congressional disclaimer conferring no surveillance power, then held the Fourth Amendment required prior judicial approval.
- Forsyth v. Barr (Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 1994, 19 F.3d 1527)✓Dallas police used, in an internal affairs probe of an officer, calls private parties allegedly intercepted illegally; assuming that was unlawful, the Fifth Circuit held Section 2517(1) and (2) allowed the disclosure and use, defeating the Section 2511(1)(c) and (d) claims.
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Can an Employer Record Conversations Without Consent? (2026), Can I Record My Boss Harassing Me? State-by-State Legal Guide (2026), Can I Sue Someone for Recording Me on Private or Public Property?
Sources and References
- 18 U.S.C. 2511 -- Federal Wiretap Act(law.cornell.edu)
- 9 V.S.A. 4461 -- Security Deposits(legislature.vermont.gov).gov
- Fair Housing Act -- HUD(hud.gov).gov
- Vermont Constitution -- Article 11(legislature.vermont.gov).gov
- 13 V.S.A. § 2605, Voyeurism(legislature.vermont.gov).gov