Oregon Defamation Laws: Libel & Slander (2026)

In Oregon, defamation is a civil claim for a false statement of fact that harms your reputation, and you have one year to sue under ORS 12.120(2). Oregon recognizes both libel and slander, treats certain categories as defamatory per se, and has one of the stronger anti-SLAPP statutes in the country.

This guide is part of our Defamation Laws by State series. For the basics of the claim itself, see what defamation of character means.

What counts as defamation in Oregon?

Defamation in Oregon is a false statement of fact, communicated to a third party, that harms the plaintiff's reputation. Oregon courts have generally held that a plaintiff must prove a defamatory statement, that the statement was false, that it was published to someone other than the plaintiff, and that the defendant acted with the required degree of fault. The statement must be of and concerning the plaintiff, meaning a reasonable reader or listener would understand it to refer to that person. Truth is a complete defense, so a substantially true statement is not actionable no matter how damaging. Statements of pure opinion that cannot reasonably be interpreted as asserting a provable fact are also protected, although an opinion that implies undisclosed false facts can still be actionable. For statements that fall into recognized per se categories, Oregon courts excuse the plaintiff from proving special harm, while other statements require proof of actual damage. Identifying whether a statement is fact or opinion, and whether it fits a per se category, is the central question in most Oregon defamation cases.

Libel vs slander in Oregon

Oregon recognizes the traditional distinction between libel and slander, though the same one-year deadline applies to both. Libel is defamation communicated in writing, by picture, or in another fixed or lasting form, while slander is spoken or oral defamation. Because libel is recorded and durable, Oregon courts and the single-publication rule treat online content, including a defamatory review, a social media post, a blog, or an email, as libel rather than slander. Slander, by contrast, covers spoken remarks such as statements made in a meeting, a phone call, or a conversation. The practical difference matters most for proving harm: certain spoken statements are slander per se and presumed harmful, while other slander requires proof of special damages. Both forms share the one-year statute of limitations in ORS 12.120(2), so the choice between libel and slander affects how the claim is framed and proven, not how long the plaintiff has to file.

Defamation per se in Oregon

Oregon recognizes defamation per se for statements so inherently damaging that harm is presumed and the plaintiff need not prove special damages. Oregon courts have generally held that the per se categories include statements imputing a crime, statements imputing a loathsome or contagious disease, statements that injure a person in their trade, business, profession, or office by imputing misconduct or general unfitness, and statements imputing unchastity. When a statement falls into one of these categories, the plaintiff is relieved of the obligation to prove pecuniary loss or special harm, which is a significant advantage. Statements outside the per se categories are sometimes described as actionable per quod, meaning the plaintiff must plead and prove specific damages caused by the statement. Because the per se analysis decides whether damages are presumed or must be proven, classifying the statement correctly is often the most consequential step in an Oregon defamation case.

Watch out: A statement framed as opinion can still be defamatory if it implies false, undisclosed facts. Oregon courts look at how an ordinary reader would understand the words in context, not at the label the speaker attaches.

The statute of limitations to sue for defamation in Oregon

The statute of limitations for defamation in Oregon is one year, set by ORS 12.120(2), which provides that an action for libel or slander must be commenced within one year. This is a short deadline, so prompt action is essential. The clock generally starts running when the defamatory statement is published, meaning communicated to a third party, not when the plaintiff later discovers it. For mass media and online content, Oregon applies the single-publication rule, treating one edition, broadcast, or posting as a single cause of action that accrues at first publication rather than restarting each time someone views the content. Because the one-year window is firm and the single-publication rule prevents the deadline from resetting with each new view, a plaintiff who waits more than a year after first publication will usually be time-barred, even on an otherwise strong claim. Pinning down the first publication date is therefore a critical early step.

Oregon's anti-SLAPP law

Oregon has one of the stronger anti-SLAPP statutes in the country, codified at ORS 31.150 through ORS 31.155. A SLAPP is a meritless lawsuit filed to silence or punish protected speech, and Oregon's law gives defendants a fast way to dispose of such suits. ORS 31.150(2) protects five categories of activity: statements made in or in connection with a legislative, executive, or judicial proceeding; statements about an issue under consideration by a government body; statements in a public place or public forum in connection with an issue of public interest; other conduct in furtherance of free speech or petition rights on a matter of public interest; and, since January 1, 2026, a good-faith statement about an incident of sexual assault committed against the speaker, made with an objectively reasonable belief that it occurred (ORS 31.150(2)(b), added by Oregon Laws 2025, chapter 275). A defendant files a special motion to strike, and under the burden-shifting framework set out in ORS 31.150(4) the plaintiff must then show a probability of prevailing by presenting substantial evidence. A separate exemption at ORS 31.150(3) bars a special motion against a seller or lessor of goods or services over a communication relating to its own sale or lease. Under ORS 31.152, the motion is generally filed within 60 days of service in Oregon state court, discovery is stayed, and a prevailing defendant is awarded reasonable attorney fees and costs. Those timing and discovery rules are procedural, so they do not necessarily carry over when a case is removed to federal court. Fee shifting runs both ways: ORS 31.152(3) also requires the court to award costs and reasonable attorney fees to a plaintiff who prevails against a special motion to strike that the court finds was frivolous or solely intended to cause unnecessary delay. Two further rules matter in practice. Under ORS 31.152(4), voluntarily dismissing the targeted claim does not simply end the fee exposure: a dismissal without prejudice leaves the defendant free to obtain a ruling on the motion and seek fees, and a dismissal with prejudice establishes that the defendant prevailed for fee purposes. Under ORS 31.152(5), a defendant whose special motion is denied in whole or in part may appeal that order as a matter of right. The statute is to be liberally construed in favor of protected expression.

Public figures and actual malice

A plaintiff's status as a public or private figure controls the fault standard, and this rule comes from federal constitutional law that applies the same way in Oregon. Under New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), a public official suing over statements about official conduct must prove actual malice, meaning the defendant knew the statement was false or acted with reckless disregard for its truth. Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323 (1974), reaffirmed that public figures must also prove actual malice, a rule the Court first announced in Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967), and described public figures as those with pervasive fame or notoriety or who voluntarily inject themselves or are drawn into a particular public controversy. Private individuals are treated more favorably. Oregon courts generally require a private plaintiff to prove that the defendant was at least negligent regarding the truth of the statement, a lower bar than actual malice. Determining which category a plaintiff occupies is frequently the central dispute, because it sets how hard the plaintiff must work to prove fault.

Damages you can recover in Oregon

Damages in Oregon defamation cases depend on the nature of the statement and the plaintiff's status. Special damages are specific, provable economic losses such as lost income, lost contracts, or lost business. General damages compensate for harm to reputation, humiliation, and emotional distress, and for statements that are defamatory per se, Oregon courts generally allow recovery without proof of a precise dollar figure because harm is presumed. For statements that are not per se, the plaintiff must prove special damages caused by the statement. Punitive damages may be available where the plaintiff shows the defendant acted with the heightened fault Oregon law requires, and Oregon has statutory provisions governing punitive awards. Courts have generally held that the plaintiff must connect the claimed harm to the defamatory statement itself rather than to other causes.

Oregon also imposes a statutory precondition on general damages that catches plaintiffs off guard. Under ORS 31.210, in an action for damages over a defamatory statement published or broadcast in a printed or electronic newspaper, magazine or other periodical, or by radio, television or motion pictures, the plaintiff shall not recover general damages unless a correction or retraction was demanded but not published as provided in ORS 31.215, or the plaintiff proves by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant actually intended to defame the plaintiff. ORS 31.215(1) requires that demand to be in writing, signed by the defamed person or that person's attorney, and delivered to the publisher personally, by registered mail, or by certified mail with return receipt within 20 days after the defamed person receives actual knowledge of the defamatory statement. The publisher then has up to two weeks after receiving the demand to investigate before publishing a correction. Because the statute reaches an electronic newspaper, magazine or other periodical, it covers online news and many other online publications, and this 20-day clock can run out long before the one-year filing deadline. A plaintiff who misses it is left with provable special damages against that class of defendant unless actual intent to defame can be shown.

Who you can sue matters too. ORS 31.200 provides that the owner, licensee or operator of a radio or television broadcasting station is not liable in damages for a defamatory statement published or uttered in a broadcast by someone other than the owner, licensee, operator, or an agent or employee of theirs, unless the complaining party alleges and proves that the station failed to exercise due care to prevent the statement from being broadcast. A person defamed by a guest, caller, or interviewee on air therefore faces an extra hurdle before the station itself is on the hook, though the speaker can still be sued directly.

Watch out: The 20-day retraction demand in ORS 31.215 runs from when you gain actual knowledge of the statement, not from when you decide to sue. Miss it and ORS 31.210 bars general damages against a newspaper, periodical, or broadcast defendant unless you can prove the defendant actually intended to defame you.

How to sue for defamation in Oregon

Bringing a defamation claim in Oregon generally follows a sequence, though every situation differs and this is general information, not legal advice. A common first step is a cease-and-desist or retraction demand identifying the false statement and asking for its removal or correction. If the statement appeared in a printed or electronic newspaper, magazine or other periodical, or in a radio, television, or motion picture broadcast, that demand is not merely tactical: ORS 31.210 conditions general damages on it, and ORS 31.215 requires it in writing, signed, and delivered personally or by registered or certified mail within 20 days after you receive actual knowledge of the statement. Preserving evidence is essential: save the statement, the publication date, URLs, screenshots, witnesses, and any records of economic harm such as lost income or contracts. The plaintiff then files a complaint in the appropriate Oregon circuit court within the one-year deadline in ORS 12.120(2), stating the false statements, the harm, and the basis for jurisdiction. Because Oregon's anti-SLAPP statute can shift fees to a losing plaintiff when the suit targets protected speech on a public issue, the strength of the underlying claim matters from the outset, and a weak claim can expose the plaintiff to the defendant's attorney fees. Given the short one-year window and the risk of a special motion to strike, many plaintiffs consult a licensed Oregon attorney before filing.

How to Sue for Defamation of Character in Oregon

To sue for defamation of character in Oregon, a plaintiff generally must file within one year of the statement, under ORS 12.120(2), which provides that an action for libel or slander must be commenced within one year. The case is filed in the circuit court for the county where the defendant lives or where the harm occurred, and the elements and defenses track the national rules: a false statement of fact, published to a third party, that injures reputation, with public figures also having to prove actual malice. Truth and protected opinion are defenses. Because Oregon uses a short one-year window that generally runs from publication, it is important to act promptly after the statement is made.

• Statute of limitations: 1 year (ORS 12.120(2))
• Where to file: Circuit court (county where the defendant resides or the harm occurred)
• Damages: No statutory cap specific to defamation, but ORS 31.210 bars general damages against a newspaper, periodical (print or electronic), or broadcast defendant unless a correction or retraction was demanded under ORS 31.215 and not published, or the plaintiff proves the defendant actually intended to defame; compensatory and, where malice is shown, punitive damages may be available under general tort rules
• Anti-SLAPP: Strong. Oregon's anti-SLAPP statute (ORS 31.150) lets a defendant file a special motion to strike a suit arising from protected speech, stays the case, and awards attorney fees to a defendant who prevails, so a weak defamation claim can be dismissed early at the plaintiff's cost.

Is defamation a crime in Oregon? No. Oregon has no general criminal defamation statute, so defamation is pursued only as a civil claim.

For the full step-by-step, see How to Sue for Defamation of Character.

Draft Your Letter

Use our free defamation cease and desist letter generator to draft a letter for Oregon. It pre-selects Oregon and surfaces its limitation period and anti-SLAPP status as you write.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I sue for defamation in Oregon?

Yes. Oregon recognizes claims for libel and slander. You must prove a false statement of fact about you, published to a third party, with the required fault and resulting harm, and you must file within one year under ORS 12.120(2).

How long do I have to sue for defamation in Oregon?

One year. ORS 12.120(2) sets a one-year statute of limitations for libel and slander, generally measured from the date of first publication under the single-publication rule.

Is Oregon a one-year defamation state?

Yes. Oregon gives you one year to sue for libel or slander under ORS 12.120(2), one of the shorter deadlines in the country.

What is defamation per se in Oregon?

Defamation per se in Oregon covers statements so inherently damaging that harm is presumed, generally including imputing a crime, a loathsome or contagious disease, misconduct or unfitness in a business or profession, or unchastity. The plaintiff need not prove special damages for these.

Does Oregon have an anti-SLAPP law?

Yes. Oregon has a strong anti-SLAPP statute at ORS 31.150 through 31.155, covering five categories of protected activity since January 1, 2026. In Oregon state court a defendant can file a special motion to strike within 60 days (ORS 31.152), discovery is stayed, and a prevailing defendant is awarded reasonable attorney fees and costs. Those timing and discovery rules are procedural and do not necessarily apply once a case is removed to federal court.

Can I sue over a bad online review in Oregon?

Possibly. A review that states a false fact about you can be defamatory and is generally treated as libel. A review that conveys only honest opinion is protected, and Oregon's anti-SLAPP law may protect speech on a matter of public interest.

Do I have to demand a retraction before suing in Oregon?

For some defendants, effectively yes. ORS 31.210 bars general damages in an action over a defamatory statement published or broadcast in a printed or electronic newspaper, magazine or other periodical, or by radio, television or motion pictures, unless a correction or retraction was demanded but not published as provided in ORS 31.215, or the plaintiff proves by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant actually intended to defame. ORS 31.215 requires the demand in writing, signed, and delivered personally or by registered or certified mail within 20 days after you receive actual knowledge of the statement.

Can I sue a radio or TV station for something a guest said on air in Oregon?

Not easily. Under ORS 31.200, the owner, licensee or operator of a radio or television broadcasting station is not liable in damages for a defamatory statement broadcast by someone other than the owner, licensee, operator, or an agent or employee of theirs, unless the complaining party alleges and proves that they failed to exercise due care to prevent it. The person who made the statement can still be sued directly.

Is truth a defense to defamation in Oregon?

Yes. Truth is a complete defense in Oregon. A substantially true statement is not actionable no matter how damaging, because falsity is an element the plaintiff must prove.

What is the difference between libel and slander in Oregon?

Libel is defamation in writing or another fixed form, while slander is spoken. Both share the one-year deadline in ORS 12.120(2), but the rules on proving harm differ, with certain slander and serious libel treated as defamatory per se.