Montana

Montana Landlord-Tenant Recording Laws: Camera Rules, Privacy Rights, and Disputes (2026)

By Recording Law Editorial TeamPublished March 23, 2026Reviewed May 15, 20269 min read

Montana law requires all parties to have knowledge before any audio recording takes place, and landlords face criminal liability under MCA 45-5-223 for placing hidden cameras inside a rental unit. Either party may record conversations with the other by providing a verbal warning under MCA 45-8-213.

Recording and surveillance in Montana rental properties involves a careful balance between a landlord's property rights and a tenant's privacy rights. Montana law provides strong protections for tenant privacy through multiple legal frameworks: the privacy in communications statute (MCA 45-8-213), the surreptitious visual observation statute (MCA 45-5-223), the state constitution's right to privacy (Article II, Section 10), and the Montana Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (MCA Title 70, Chapter 24).

This guide covers where landlords can and cannot place cameras, tenant recording rights, how to handle disputes, and the legal remedies available when privacy rights are violated.

Landlord Security Camera Rules

Where Landlords May Place Cameras

Montana landlords may install security cameras in common areas of multi-unit rental properties:

Building entrances and exits: Front doors, back doors, and fire exits
Parking lots and garages: Areas shared by multiple tenants
Lobbies and hallways: Common areas accessible to all tenants
Laundry rooms: Shared facilities
Mailbox areas: Where package theft is a concern
Building exteriors: Cameras covering the perimeter of the property

Where Landlords May Not Place Cameras

Landlords are prohibited from placing cameras in the following locations:

Inside individual rental units: Any camera inside a tenant's apartment, house, or room violates MCA 45-5-223
Private patios and balconies: Areas exclusively assigned to individual tenants carry a reasonable expectation of privacy
Windows of rental units: Cameras aimed to look through tenant windows violate both the surreptitious observation statute and the constitutional right to privacy
Bathrooms and changing areas: Whether shared or private, these areas carry the strongest privacy protections
Exclusively assigned storage units: A tenant's individual storage space has a reasonable expectation of privacy

Audio-Enabled Cameras in Common Areas

If a landlord installs cameras with audio capability in common areas:

The all-party knowledge requirement of MCA 45-8-213 applies
Visible signage warning of audio and video recording should be posted at entry points and near camera locations
The signage can satisfy the warning exception under MCA 45-8-213(2)(c)
Many landlords choose to use video-only cameras (no microphones) to avoid triggering the audio consent requirement

Notice to Tenants

Montana does not have a specific statute requiring landlords to notify tenants of security camera locations. However, best practices and legal prudence recommend:

Disclosing camera locations in the lease agreement
Posting visible signage near all cameras
Notifying tenants in writing when new cameras are installed
Maintaining a record of tenant notifications

Transparency reduces the risk of civil liability and demonstrates good faith compliance with Montana's privacy protections.

Hidden Cameras in Rental Units

Montana apartment window with a security camera suction-mounted on the inside glass

A landlord who installs a hidden camera inside a tenant's unit commits a serious criminal offense.

Criminal Liability

Under MCA 45-5-223 (surreptitious visual observation): A landlord who secretly photographs, films, or observes a tenant in their unit commits a misdemeanor punishable by up to 6 months in jail and a $500 fine.

Under MCA 45-8-213 (privacy in communications): If the hidden camera captures audio, the landlord also violates the communications statute. Violations of MCA 45-8-213(1)(c) are misdemeanors carrying up to 6 months in jail and a $500 fine; the statute does not escalate repeat recording violations to felonies.

What to Do If You Discover a Hidden Camera

If a tenant discovers a hidden camera in their rental unit:

Do not remove or disturb the camera (preserve evidence)
Document the location with photographs from your own device
Contact law enforcement immediately to file a criminal report
Contact an attorney to discuss civil remedies
Notify the landlord in writing of the discovery (unless the landlord is the suspected perpetrator)
Consider your safety and whether temporary relocation is necessary

Tenant Remedies

A tenant who discovers a hidden camera may pursue:

Criminal charges against the landlord under MCA 45-5-223 and potentially MCA 45-8-213
Invasion of privacy civil claims
Constitutional privacy claims under Article II, Section 10 of the Montana Constitution
Lease termination based on the landlord's breach of the implied warranty of habitability and quiet enjoyment
Intentional infliction of emotional distress claims
Relocation costs recovery through civil litigation

Tenant Security Camera Rights

Montana smoke detector on a white apartment ceiling, standard round housing

Inside the Rental Unit

Tenants generally have the right to install security cameras inside their own rental unit, subject to lease terms:

Interior cameras for personal security are typically permissible
Cameras should be powered without making permanent modifications to the electrical system (unless the lease permits it)
Tenants should check their lease for provisions addressing modifications to the property
Cameras should not be aimed to capture common areas or other tenants' units

Exterior Cameras and Doorbells

Tenants may wish to install video doorbells or cameras at their unit's entrance:

Check the lease for provisions about exterior modifications
Seek landlord permission before drilling holes or running wires on the exterior
Wireless, battery-operated devices (like Ring doorbells) may require less modification and fewer permissions
Cameras should be aimed at the tenant's own doorway and immediate entry area, not at neighboring units

Audio Considerations

If a tenant's camera captures audio in common areas:

The all-party knowledge requirement of MCA 45-8-213 applies
Posting a small sign near the camera satisfies the warning exception
Disabling the microphone eliminates the audio consent concern

Recording Landlord-Tenant Conversations

Montana apartment building fire escape stairs viewed from below

Tenant Recording Rights

Tenants may record conversations with their landlord under Montana's warning exception:

Provide a verbal warning at the start of the conversation: "I want to let you know I am recording this conversation."
The landlord does not need to consent; they only need to receive the warning
If the landlord objects, they may end the conversation, but you are not required to stop recording after providing the warning
Recorded conversations can be useful for documenting lease disputes, maintenance requests, and other interactions

Landlord Recording Rights

Landlords have the same recording rights:

A landlord may record a conversation with a tenant after providing a verbal warning
Automated recording of phone calls with tenants requires a warning message
Landlords should document their recording practices as part of their business procedures

Recording Inspections and Walkthroughs

During property inspections, move-in/move-out walkthroughs, and maintenance visits:

Either party may record the inspection after providing a warning
Recording inspections creates a documented record of the property's condition
If the landlord sends a maintenance worker, the tenant should provide the warning to the worker as well
Video recording of the property's condition (without capturing private conversations) is generally permissible for both parties

Montana Residential Landlord and Tenant Act

The Montana Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (MCA Title 70, Chapter 24) establishes the rights and obligations of landlords and tenants, including provisions relevant to privacy and access.

Landlord Right of Access

Under MCA 70-24-312, a landlord may enter a tenant's dwelling unit under specific circumstances:

With the tenant's consent
In case of emergency
To make necessary or agreed repairs, alterations, or improvements
To show the unit to prospective tenants, buyers, or contractors

The landlord must provide reasonable notice (at least 24 hours is customary) before entering for non-emergency purposes. A landlord who enters a tenant's unit without proper authorization may be liable for trespass and privacy violations.

Abuse of Access as Surveillance

If a landlord uses the right of access to conduct surveillance or install recording devices, this exceeds the scope of the statutory right and may constitute:

A violation of MCA 45-5-223 if recording devices are installed
A violation of MCA 45-8-213 if audio recording devices are installed
A breach of the implied covenant of quiet enjoyment under landlord-tenant law
An invasion of privacy under Montana common law and the state constitution

Recording During Eviction Proceedings

Eviction disputes sometimes involve recording by either party.

Tenant Rights During Eviction

Tenants may record conversations with landlords about eviction after providing a warning
Tenants may record the service of eviction notices by providing a warning to the person serving the notice
In court proceedings, recording rules are governed by court rules and the presiding judge's orders

Landlord Rights During Eviction

Landlords may record move-out inspections and property condition assessments after providing a warning to the tenant
Security camera footage of common areas may be used as evidence in eviction proceedings
Footage must have been obtained lawfully (with proper notice) to be admissible

The WDEA Connection for Property Managers

Property managers employed by landlords in Montana are protected by the Wrongful Discharge from Employment Act (MCA 39-2-901 through 39-2-915). If a property manager reports a landlord's illegal surveillance activities and is fired as a result, the WDEA's public policy exception may protect them from retaliation.

More Montana Laws

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Frequently Asked Questions

Can my landlord put cameras inside my apartment in Montana?

No. A landlord who installs cameras inside a tenant's rental unit violates MCA 45-5-223 (surreptitious visual observation). If the camera captures audio, it also violates MCA 45-8-213. This is a criminal offense punishable by up to 6 months in jail and a $500 fine for a first offense. Tenants who discover hidden cameras should contact law enforcement immediately.

Can my landlord put security cameras in the hallway outside my apartment?

Generally, yes. Landlords may install security cameras in common areas of multi-unit properties, including hallways, lobbies, and parking areas. However, cameras should not be positioned to see inside individual units. If the cameras capture audio, signage must be posted to satisfy MCA 45-8-213's warning requirement.

Can I record a conversation with my landlord in Montana?

Yes, as long as you provide a verbal warning at the start of the conversation. Under Montana's warning exception (MCA 45-8-213(2)(c)), you do not need your landlord's consent. Simply announce that the conversation is being recorded. The landlord may choose to end the conversation but cannot prevent you from recording after the warning is given.

Can I install a Ring doorbell at my apartment in Montana?

This depends on your lease terms. Many leases prohibit exterior modifications without landlord approval. Wireless, battery-operated doorbells that do not require drilling or permanent installation may be more acceptable. Check with your landlord before installing. If approved, aim the camera at your own doorway, and consider posting a small sign if the device records audio.

What should I do if I find a hidden camera in my rental unit?

Do not disturb the camera. Document its location with photographs from your own device. Contact law enforcement immediately to file a criminal report. Then contact an attorney to discuss civil remedies, which may include invasion of privacy claims, constitutional privacy claims, lease termination, and recovery of emotional distress damages and relocation costs.

Sources and References

Montana Code Annotated 45-8-213 - Privacy in Communications(leg.mt.gov).gov
Montana Code Annotated 45-5-223 - Surreptitious Visual Observation or Recordation(leg.mt.gov).gov
Montana Constitution Article II, Section 10 - Right of Privacy(leg.mt.gov).gov
Montana Residential Landlord and Tenant Act - MCA Title 70, Chapter 24(leg.mt.gov).gov
Montana Code Annotated 70-24-312 - Landlord Right of Access(leg.mt.gov).gov
Montana Code Annotated 45-8-213 - Privacy in Communications(mca.legmt.gov).gov
Montana Code Annotated 45-5-223 - Surreptitious Visual Observation or Recordation(mca.legmt.gov).gov
Montana Constitution Article II, Section 10 - Right of Privacy(mca.legmt.gov).gov
Montana Residential Landlord and Tenant Act - MCA Title 70, Chapter 24(mca.legmt.gov).gov
Montana Code Annotated 70-24-312 - Landlord Right of Access(mca.legmt.gov).gov

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Montana Landlord-Tenant Recording Laws: Camera Rules, Privacy Rights, and Disputes (2026)

By Recording Law Editorial TeamPublished March 23, 2026Reviewed May 15, 20269 min read

This guide covers where landlords can and cannot place cameras, tenant recording rights, how to handle disputes, and the legal remedies available when privacy rights are violated.