Wisconsin
Wisconsin Trade Secret Laws: UTSA, Remedies & Deadlines
Wisconsin's trade secret statute, Wis. Stat. § 134.90 (enacted 1985), follows the Uniform Trade Secrets Act framework and consolidates all UTSA provisions within a single section using lettered subsections rather than separate numbered sections. The civil limitations period is three years from discovery.
This guide is part of our Trade Secret Laws by State series.
Information last verified on 2026-06-25. This article presents general legal information, not legal advice. This guide covers civil trade-secret protection in Wisconsin under Wis. Stat. § 134.90 and the federal DTSA; for other jurisdictions see the full Trade Secret Laws by State index.
Does Wisconsin have a trade secret law?
Yes. Wisconsin enacted Wis. Stat. § 134.90, commonly called the Wisconsin Uniform Trade Secrets Act, in 1985 (Wisconsin Legislature, docs.legis.wisconsin.gov). The statute adopts the Uniform Trade Secrets Act framework published by the Uniform Law Commission and establishes a civil cause of action for misappropriation of trade secrets. Wisconsin's codification is unusual: rather than spreading the law across separately numbered sections as most states do, all UTSA provisions appear as lettered subsections within a single statute, from § 134.90(1) through § 134.90(7). Practitioners must look to subsections rather than separate code sections when citing specific rules. The substantive protections are equivalent to the UTSA model. Wisconsin's law displaces conflicting tort claims based on the same misappropriation (Wis. Stat. § 134.90(6)), but preserves contract remedies, criminal liability, and other civil claims not grounded in misappropriation. The federal Defend Trade Secrets Act (DTSA), 18 U.S.C. §§ 1836-1839 (2016), also applies when a Wisconsin trade secret relates to a product or service used in or intended for use in interstate or foreign commerce. Federal law does not preempt state trade secret law (18 U.S.C. § 1838), so Wisconsin and DTSA claims may proceed together in a single action.
What counts as a trade secret and misappropriation in Wisconsin?
Under Wis. Stat. § 134.90(1)(c), a trade secret is information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique, or process, that:
- Derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use; and
- Is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.
Both elements must be present. Courts examine whether the owner took concrete protective steps: non-disclosure agreements, access restrictions, password controls, and written confidentiality policies all support the reasonable-measures prong. A business that circulates a proprietary formula within the organization with no restrictions will struggle to satisfy this element even if the underlying information is genuinely valuable.
Misappropriation under Wis. Stat. § 134.90(2) means: (a) acquisition of a trade secret by someone who knows or has reason to know it was obtained through improper means; or (b) disclosure or use without consent by someone who acquired it through improper means, breached a confidentiality duty, or derived it from a person who did so.
Reverse engineering and independent development are proper means under Wisconsin law and do not constitute misappropriation. A competitor who analyzes a lawfully purchased product to determine how it functions has not violated Wis. Stat. § 134.90.
Remedies and the limitations period in Wisconsin
Limitations period: Wisconsin's trade secret statute sets a three-year civil limitations period, running from the date the misappropriation was discovered or, by the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have been discovered. This is consistent with the UTSA model. Continuing misappropriation is treated as a single claim, with the period running from the first act the owner discovered or should have discovered.
Injunctive relief: Under Wis. Stat. § 134.90(3), courts may issue an injunction to prevent actual or threatened misappropriation. Where an injunction would be unreasonable because of a disproportionate hardship or an overriding public interest, a court may instead impose a reasonable royalty for a defined period of permitted continued use.
Damages: Wis. Stat. § 134.90(4)(a) allows recovery of actual loss caused by the misappropriation plus any unjust enrichment not included in the actual-loss award. If neither can be established, the court may award a reasonable royalty.
Exemplary damages: For willful and malicious misappropriation, Wisconsin courts may award exemplary damages in an amount not exceeding twice the compensatory damages (Wis. Stat. § 134.90(4)(b)).
Attorney fees: The court may award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party if a claim or defense is made in bad faith or if the violation is willful and deliberate (Wis. Stat. § 134.90(4)(c)).
How the federal DTSA applies in Wisconsin
The DTSA (18 U.S.C. §§ 1836-1839) took effect May 11, 2016, and provides a federal civil remedy when a Wisconsin trade secret relates to a product or service used in or intended for use in interstate or foreign commerce. Because most commercial activity in Wisconsin involves interstate commerce, DTSA claims are available in the vast majority of Wisconsin trade secret disputes.
Key DTSA features that operate alongside Wisconsin state law:
- Limitations period: Both the DTSA and Wisconsin's trade secret statute provide three-year limitations periods from discovery. The windows run concurrently, so there is no gap between the state and federal periods.
- Ex parte seizure: The DTSA authorizes courts to order the seizure of property to prevent propagation of a trade secret without advance notice to the defendant in extraordinary circumstances (18 U.S.C. § 1836(b)(2)). Wisconsin's statute does not include an equivalent provision.
- Comparable remedies: DTSA remedies, including injunctions, damages, up to 2x exemplary for willful and malicious misappropriation, and attorney fees, parallel Wisconsin's state remedies and apply under federal standards and procedures.
- Whistleblower immunity and notice: Under 18 U.S.C. § 1833(b), an individual may disclose a trade secret in confidence to a government official or attorney to report a suspected legal violation without civil or criminal liability. Employers must include written notice of this immunity in any confidentiality or employment agreement signed or updated after May 11, 2016. An employer who omits this notice cannot recover exemplary damages or attorney fees in a DTSA action against the person covered by that agreement.
Wisconsin employers should audit all post-2016 confidentiality agreements, NDAs, and employment contracts to confirm DTSA-compliant whistleblower language is present in each document.
This is general legal information, not legal advice. It describes Wisconsin trade-secret law under Wis. Stat. § 134.90 and the federal DTSA as of 2026-06-25 and does not address your specific facts. Trade-secret disputes are highly fact-specific and deadlines are strict. Consult an attorney licensed in Wisconsin before acting.
Related articles
- Trade Secret Laws by State
- West Virginia Trade Secret Laws
- Wyoming Trade Secret Laws
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Last updated: 2026-06-25.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Wisconsin's limitations period for a trade secret claim?
Three years from the date the misappropriation was discovered or, by the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have been discovered. The federal DTSA provides the same three-year period from discovery (18 U.S.C. § 1836(d)), so both windows align and run concurrently.
What types of information qualify as trade secrets in Wisconsin?
Under Wis. Stat. § 134.90(1)(c), any formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique, or process can qualify if it derives independent economic value from not being generally known or readily ascertainable and the owner takes reasonable steps to protect it. Customer lists, pricing strategies, manufacturing processes, source code, and proprietary algorithms are common candidates, each subject to the two-part test.
Can a Wisconsin employer sue a former employee for misappropriating trade secrets?
Yes. If a former employee discloses or uses protectable Wisconsin trade secrets in breach of a confidentiality agreement or other duty of confidentiality, the employer may bring a civil claim under Wis. Stat. § 134.90. General skills, experience, and industry knowledge an employee develops during employment are not trade secrets and cannot be restricted. The distinction between protected information and general know-how is often disputed and depends on specific facts.
Is reverse engineering a trade secret legal in Wisconsin?
Yes. Wisconsin law recognizes reverse engineering of a lawfully obtained product as a proper means of acquiring information under Wis. Stat. § 134.90, so it does not constitute misappropriation. A competitor who analyzes a lawfully obtained product to understand how it works has not violated Wis. Stat. § 134.90. Independent development of equivalent information is also lawful.
What does the DTSA whistleblower-immunity notice require for Wisconsin employers?
Under 18 U.S.C. § 1833(b)(3), any Wisconsin employer who enters into or updates a confidentiality agreement, NDA, or employment agreement after May 11, 2016 must notify the individual that they may disclose a trade secret in confidence to a government official or attorney to report a suspected legal violation without civil or criminal liability. Omitting this notice forfeits the employer's right to seek exemplary damages and attorney fees in a DTSA action against that individual.
Updates
Governing law re-checked for recent changes
Re-pinned Wisconsin's trade secret statute citations to the bundle-confirmed structure of Wis. Stat. 134.90 (misappropriation is subsection (2), injunctive relief (3), damages/exemplary damages (4)(a)/(4)(b), tort-displacement (6)), corrected the attorney-fee standard from "willful and malicious" to the statute's actual "willful and deliberate" wording, and removed the unconfirmed section pincite from the three-year limitations-period claim (that specific subsection remains unverified) while keeping the underlying claim.
Removed an incorrect subsection pin: the reverse-engineering discussion cited Wis. Stat. 134.90(1)(b), which is the definition of readily ascertainable information, not a reverse-engineering provision.
Governing law re-checked for recent changes
The Law Behind This Article
This article rests on 5 statutory provisions held in our own legal record, each retrieved from the official source. Tap a section to read the operative text.
United States Code Title 18
§ 1831Economic espionageIn forcecited in 24 of our articles
Whoever, intending or knowing that the offense will benefit any foreign government, foreign instrumentality, or foreign agent, knowingly— steals, or without authorization appropriates, takes, carries away, or conceals, or by fraud, artifice, or deception obtains a trade secret; without authorization copies, duplicates, sketches, draws, photographs, downloads, uploads, alters, destroys, photocopies, replicates, transmits, delivers, sends, mails, communicates, or conveys a trade secret; receives, buys, or possesses a trade secret, knowing the same to have been stolen or appropriated, obtained, or converted without authorization; attempts to commit any offense described in any of paragraphs (1) through (3); or conspires with one or more other persons to commit any offense described in any of paragraphs (1) through (3), and one or more of such persons do any act to effect the object of the conspiracy, shall, except as provided in subsection (b), be fined not more than $5,000,000 or imprisoned not more than 15 years, or both.
Official text (excerpt) · as of 2026-07-28 · Read the full section at uscode.house.gov
Also relied on in: Arkansas Trade Secret Laws: UTSA, Remedies & Deadlines, California Trade Secret Laws: UTSA, Remedies & Deadlines, Colorado Trade Secret Laws: UTSA, Remedies & Deadlines
§ 1833Exceptions to prohibitionsIn forcecited in 40 of our articles
This chapter does not prohibit or create a private right of action for— any otherwise lawful activity conducted by a governmental entity of the United States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State; or the disclosure of a trade secret in accordance with subsection (b). An individual shall not be held criminally or civilly liable under any Federal or State trade secret law for the disclosure of a trade secret that— is made— in confidence to a Federal, State, or local government official, either directly or indirectly, or to an attorney; and solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law; or is made in a complaint or other document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, if such filing is made under seal. An individual who files a lawsuit for retaliation by an employer for reporting a suspected violation of law may disclose the trade secret to the attorney of the individual and use the trade secret information in the court proceeding, if the individual— files any document containing the trade secret under seal; and does not disclose the trade secret, except pursuant to court order.
Official text (excerpt) · as of 2026-07-28 · Read the full section at uscode.house.gov
Also relied on in: Trade Secret Laws by State: UTSA & DTSA (2026), Alabama Trade Secret Laws: UTSA, Remedies & Deadlines, Alaska Trade Secret Laws: UTSA, Remedies & Deadlines
§ 1836Civil proceedingsIn forcecited in 52 of our articles
The Attorney General may, in a civil action, obtain appropriate injunctive relief against any violation of this chapter. An owner of a trade secret that is misappropriated may bring a civil action under this subsection if the trade secret is related to a product or service used in, or intended for use in, interstate or foreign commerce. Based on an affidavit or verified complaint satisfying the requirements of this paragraph, the court may, upon ex parte application but only in extraordinary circumstances, issue an order providing for the seizure of property necessary to prevent the propagation or dissemination of the trade secret that is the subject of the action.
Official text (excerpt) · as of 2026-07-28 · Read the full section at uscode.house.gov
Also relied on in: Arizona Trade Secret Laws: UTSA, Remedies & Deadlines, Connecticut Trade Secret Laws: UTSA, Remedies & Deadlines, Delaware Trade Secret Laws: UTSA, Remedies & Deadlines
§ 1838Construction with other lawsIn forcecited in 52 of our articles
Except as provided in section 1833(b), this chapter shall not be construed to preempt or displace any other remedies, whether civil or criminal, provided by United States Federal, State, commonwealth, possession, or territory law for the misappropriation of a trade secret, or to affect the otherwise lawful disclosure of information by any Government employee under section 552 of title 5 (commonly known as the Freedom of Information Act).
Official text (excerpt) · as of 2026-07-28 · Read the full section at uscode.house.gov
Also relied on in: District of Columbia Trade Secret Laws: UTSA, Remedies & Deadlines, Florida Trade Secret Laws: UTSA, Remedies & Deadlines, Georgia Trade Secret Laws: UTSA, Remedies & Deadlines
Wisconsin Statutes, Chapter 134: Miscellaneous Trade Regulations
§ 134.90Uniform trade secrets act.In forcecited in 2 of our articles
(1) Definitions. In this section: (a) “Improper means” includes espionage, theft, bribery, misrepresentation and breach or inducement of a breach of duty to maintain secrecy. (b) “Readily ascertainable” information does not include information accessible through a license agreement or by an employee under a confidentiality agreement with his or her employer. (c) “Trade secret” means information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique or process to which all of the following apply: 1. The information derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use. 2. The information is the subject of efforts to maintain its secrecy that are reasonable under the circumstances. (2) Misappropriation. No person, including the state, may misappropriate or threaten to misappropriate a trade secret by doing any of the following: (a) Acquiring the trade secret of another by means which the person knows or has reason to know constitute improper means.
Official text (excerpt) · as of 2026-07-29 · Read the full section at docs.legis.wisconsin.gov
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Sources and References
- Wisconsin Uniform Trade Secrets Act, Wis. Stat. § 134.90(docs.legis.wisconsin.gov).gov
- Defend Trade Secrets Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1836-1839(law.cornell.edu)
- Uniform Trade Secrets Act (Uniform Law Commission)(uniformlaws.org)
- Economic Espionage Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1831-1832(law.cornell.edu)