Montana
Bankruptcy in Montana (2026): Exemptions & Means Test
Independently fact-checked against primary sources (last audited August 16, 2026). · Reviewed by the RecordingLaw editorial team. · Law checked current as of August 9, 2026. · 6 primary sources cited on this page. How we verify our legal content
Filing bankruptcy in Montana means following one set of property rules: Montana has opted out of the federal bankruptcy exemptions, so filers must use Montana's own exemption statutes in the Montana Code Annotated. Bankruptcy itself is federal, but the exemptions that decide what you keep, and the means-test income that decides which chapter you can use, are state-specific. Montana's homestead is one of the more generous in the country and is adjusted for inflation each year, so the figures below are current as of mid-2026, and you should confirm the latest amounts before relying on them.
This page is general legal information, not legal advice. It is part of our Bankruptcy by State series.
Does Montana use state or federal bankruptcy exemptions?
Montana has opted out of the federal exemption system. Under MCA 31-2-106, an individual may not exempt in any bankruptcy proceeding the property specified in 11 U.S.C. 522(d). In plain terms, a debtor domiciled in Montana must use the state exemptions found in the Montana Code Annotated, primarily Title 70 for the homestead and Title 25, Chapter 13 for personal property. The menu of federal bankruptcy exemptions is not available here. About two-thirds of states have opted out in this way.
Even though the federal exemption schedule is off the table, a Montana filer may still claim the federal nonbankruptcy exemptions preserved by 11 U.S.C. 522(b)(3). Those include things like Social Security benefits, certain veterans' and federal-employee benefits, and tax-exempt retirement accounts. Married couples filing jointly can generally each claim a full set of the Montana exemptions, which often doubles the protected amounts.
Montana homestead exemption
Montana's homestead exemption is the headline protection for homeowners, and unlike many states it is large and indexed for inflation. Under MCA 70-32-104, the homestead value limit was $350,000 in 2021 and increases by 4 percent each calendar year after 2021, with the Montana Department of Revenue setting the figure by administrative rule. For 2026 the limit is $425,827. It was $409,450 in 2025, and it rises another 4 percent for 2027, with the exact dollar figure set by Department of Revenue rule. Because the limit moves every year, confirm the current figure with the Department of Revenue before filing.
Montana also differs from most states in how the protection is claimed. To secure the full homestead exemption, an owner generally must record a homestead declaration with the county clerk and recorder under MCA 70-32-105 and following. The exemption protects equity up to the current limit, so the value is measured after subtracting mortgages and other liens.
Homestead protection covers equity, not the full value of the home. Even with Montana's high limit, a residence worth far more than the mortgage plus the exemption can leave non-exempt equity that a Chapter 7 trustee may reach, which is one reason homeowners with substantial equity sometimes look at Chapter 13 instead.
Vehicle, wildcard, and personal-property exemptions
Montana's personal-property exemptions are set mainly in MCA 25-13-609 and related sections. A debtor may exempt:
- The debtor's interest in one motor vehicle, up to $4,000 in value.
- Household furnishings, goods, appliances, jewelry, wearing apparel, books, firearms, animals, feed, and musical instruments, up to $7,000 in aggregate value, with no single item exceeding $1,250.
- Implements, professional books, and tools of the trade, up to $4,500.
- Health aids and certain other categories.
Montana does not provide a broad general-purpose wildcard exemption the way some states do, so filers should fit their property within the specific categories above. Wages are protected as well: under MCA 25-13-614 and the federal wage-garnishment rules it incorporates, at least 75 percent of disposable earnings is generally exempt from execution. Tax-qualified retirement accounts are protected under separate Montana exemptions and federal law.
The Chapter 7 means test in Montana
The means test screens Chapter 7 filings for a presumption of abuse. The first step compares your household's current monthly income, annualized, to the median family income for a Montana household of the same size. If your income is at or below the Montana median, there is no presumption of abuse and you do not need to complete Form 122A-2, but that alone does not make you eligible for Chapter 7. If it is above the median, you complete the longer calculation that subtracts allowed expenses to see whether you have disposable income that should fund a Chapter 13 plan instead.
The U.S. Trustee Program publishes the median figures and updates them periodically. For cases filed on or after July 15, 2026, the Montana median family income is:
| Household size | Montana median annual income |
|---|---|
| 1 | $71,310 |
| 2 | $91,452 |
| 3 | $103,285 |
| 4 | $121,698 |
Add $11,100 for each additional person beyond four. These figures apply only to cases filed on or after July 15, 2026. The U.S. Trustee Program revises the median income data roughly twice a year, so confirm the current numbers for your filing date.
Chapter 7 vs. Chapter 13 in Montana
Chapter 7 is a liquidation. A trustee can sell non-exempt property to pay creditors, but because Montana's homestead protects a large amount of home equity and household goods are protected up to $7,000, many Chapter 7 cases are "no-asset" cases where nothing is sold. Most remaining unsecured debt, such as credit cards and medical bills, is discharged in a few months.
Chapter 13 is a reorganization for filers with regular income. You keep your property and repay some or all of what you owe through a three-to-five-year plan. Chapter 13 is often chosen by Montana homeowners who are behind on a mortgage or who have home equity above the homestead limit, because the plan can spread out missed payments and stop a foreclosure while you catch up.
In both chapters, filing triggers the automatic stay under 11 U.S.C. 362. The stay immediately halts most collection activity, including foreclosure sales, wage garnishment, repossession, and collection calls, while the case proceeds.
Where you file bankruptcy in Montana
Montana is a single federal bankruptcy district. The U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Montana is headquartered in Butte and accepts filings there, with hearings also held in Billings, Great Falls, Missoula, and Helena. Because there is only one district, every Montana filer uses the same court regardless of county, though the divisional hearing location depends on where you live. Before filing, federal law requires you to complete an approved credit-counseling course, and you must complete a debtor-education course before your debts are discharged.
What bankruptcy can and cannot do
Bankruptcy discharges most unsecured debts, but several categories generally survive: most student loans (absent a separate showing of undue hardship), recent income taxes, child support and alimony, and debts from fraud or willful injury. Secured debts like a car loan or mortgage continue if you want to keep the collateral and keep paying.
Before filing, get a free bankruptcy evaluation from a Montana lawyer confirming your homestead declaration is recorded and which chapter fits (attorney advertising).
Frequently Asked Questions
Does Montana use state or federal bankruptcy exemptions?
Montana uses state exemptions. It has opted out of the federal bankruptcy exemptions under MCA 31-2-106, so filers domiciled in Montana must use the state exemptions in the Montana Code Annotated, along with the federal nonbankruptcy exemptions such as Social Security and tax-qualified retirement accounts.
What is the homestead exemption in Montana?
Montana's homestead exemption is $425,827 for 2026 under MCA 70-32-104. It is indexed up 4 percent each calendar year from a $350,000 base set in 2021, so it was $409,450 in 2025 and rises another 4 percent for 2027, with the exact figure set by Department of Revenue rule. Full protection generally requires recording a homestead declaration with the county clerk and recorder.
What is the Montana median income for the means test?
For cases filed on or after July 15, 2026, the Montana median family income is $71,310 for 1 person, $91,452 for 2, $103,285 for 3, and $121,698 for 4, adding $11,100 for each additional person. The U.S. Trustee Program updates these figures periodically.
Will I lose my house or car if I file bankruptcy in Montana?
Often no. Montana's homestead protects up to $425,827 of home equity for 2026 if a homestead declaration is recorded, and a vehicle is protected up to $4,000 of equity under MCA 25-13-609. Most filers keep their home and car as long as they stay current on the related loans, though equity above the exemption can be at risk in Chapter 7.
Do I have to record a homestead declaration in Montana?
To get the full Montana homestead exemption, an owner generally must record a homestead declaration with the county clerk and recorder under MCA 70-32-105 and following. Without a recorded declaration, the homestead protection may be limited, so many homeowners record one well before any financial trouble.
Where do I file for bankruptcy in Montana?
Montana is a single federal bankruptcy district. The U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Montana is based in Butte, with hearings also held in Billings, Great Falls, Missoula, and Helena. Every Montana filer uses the same district. You must complete approved credit counseling before filing.
What debts cannot be discharged in a Montana bankruptcy?
Most student loans (absent a showing of undue hardship), recent income taxes, child support, alimony, and debts arising from fraud generally are not discharged. Most credit-card and medical debt usually is.
Does filing bankruptcy stop a foreclosure in Montana?
Filing triggers the automatic stay under 11 U.S.C. 362, which immediately halts most collection activity, including foreclosure and wage garnishment. Chapter 13 can also let a homeowner cure missed mortgage payments over time.
Updates
Clarified that income at or below the state median means the presumption of abuse does not arise under the Chapter 7 means test, not that a filer qualifies for Chapter 7.
Repointed the Chapter 7 means-test income figures to the current U.S. Trustee table for cases filed on or after July 15, 2026 (the Montana amounts are unchanged), and removed a projected 2027 homestead dollar figure that did not follow from the statute 4 percent annual formula and that the Department of Revenue has not yet set by rule.
Repointed the homestead-limit citation to the governing statute.
Independently fact-checked against the cited primary sources
Governing law re-checked for recent changes
Corrected the Montana tools-of-the-trade bankruptcy exemption from $3,000 to the statute's actual $4,500 under MCA 25-13-609(3).
Governing law re-checked for recent changes
Reviewed and approved by an editor
The Law Behind This Article
This article rests on the statutory provisions below, held in our own legal record and retrieved from the official source. Tap a section to read the operative text.
Montana Code Annotated, Title 31
§ 31-2-106Exempt Property -- Bankruptcy ProceedingIn force
31-2-106. Exempt property -- bankruptcy proceeding. An individual may not exempt from the property of the estate in any bankruptcy proceeding the property specified in 11 U.S.C. 522(d). An individual may exempt from the property of the estate in any bankruptcy proceeding: (1) that property exempt from execution of judgment as provided in 19-2-1004, 19-18-612, 19-19-504, 19-20-706, 19-21-212, Title 25, chapter 13, part 6, 33-7-522, 33-15-512 through 33-15-514, 39-51-3105, 39-71-743, 39-73-110, 53-2-607, 53-9-129, Title 70, chapter 32, and 80-2-245; (2) medical care, health, and medical savings accounts as provided in 25-13-603; (3) the individual's right to receive unemployment compensation and unemployment benefits; and (4) the individual's right to receive benefits from or interest in a private or governmental retirement, pension, stock bonus, profit-sharing, annuity, or similar plan or contract on account of illness, disability, death, age, or length of service, excluding that portion of contributions made by the individual within 1 year before the filing of the petition in bankruptcy that exceeds 15% of the individual's gross income for that 1-year period, unless: (a) the…
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-09-06 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at mca.legmt.gov
Cited in 31 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2020
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- In re Case No. 00-33150-7, Zimmermann (Montana Supreme Court 2002, 309 Mont. 337)“…a has chosen to opt out of the federal exemption scheme via § 31-2-106, MCA, which provides that [a]n individual…”
- In Re Zimmerman (Montana Supreme Court 2002, 2002 MT 90)“…a has chosen to opt out of the federal exemption scheme via § 31-2-106, MCA, which provides that [a]n indi…”
- MacDonald v. Mercill (Montana Supreme Court 1986, 220 Mont. 146)“…ned in 11 U.S.C. 522(d) by enacting section 31-2-106, MCA, which provides: 31-2-106. Exempt…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Montana Code Annotated, Title 70
§ 70-32-104Limitation On ValueIn forcecited in 2 of our articles
70-32-104. Limitation on value. (1) A homestead may not exceed the value provided in subsection (3). In a proceeding instituted to determine the value of the homestead, the assessed value of the land with included appurtenances, if any, and of the dwelling house as it appears on the last-completed assessment roll preceding the institution of the proceeding is prima facie evidence of the value of the property claimed as a homestead. (2) If a claimant who is an owner of an undivided interest in real property claims a homestead exemption, the claimant is limited to an exemption amount proportional to the claimant's undivided interest. (3) (a) The department of revenue shall adopt administrative rules setting the homestead value limit. (b) In 2021, the homestead value limit is $350,000. (c) The homestead value limit must increase by 4% every calendar year after 2021.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-29 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at mca.legmt.gov
Cited in 13 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2019
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Neel v. First Federal Savings & Loan Assoc. (Montana Supreme Court 1984, 207 Mont. 376)“…e respondent contends that there is nothing in the statute, Section 70-32-104, MCA, that expressly declares it retroactive…”
- Berry v. Seman (Montana Supreme Court 1990, 245 Mont. 335)“…m up to $40,000 of a homestead as exempt from execution. Section 70-32-104, MCA. The motor vehicle, valued by the…”
- Alderman v. Martinson (In Re Alderman) (United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Ninth Circuit 1996, 96 Daily Journal DAR 8612)“…ntana law, a homestead exemption is allowed up to $40,-000. Mont.Code Ann. § 70-32-104(1) (1994). Earlier in the proceedings…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Montana Homestead Exemption: Reduced Tax Rate and How to Apply
§ 70-32-105Mode Of Selection -- Declaration RequiredIn forcecited in 2 of our articles
70-32-105. Mode of selection -- declaration required. The person selecting a homestead must execute and acknowledge, in the same manner as a grant of real property is acknowledged, a declaration of homestead and file the same for record.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-29 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at mca.legmt.gov
Cited in 9 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2020
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- McCone County Federal Credit Union v. Gribble (Montana Supreme Court 2009, 352 Mont. 254)“…a debtor must have first filed the declaration required by § 70-32-105, MCA (‘The person selecting a homestead must…”
- Marriage of Stout (Montana Supreme Court 1996)“…real property must be acknowledged and filed. Section 70-32-105, MCA. In this case, there is no indicatio…”
- Marriage of Jones v. Poindexter (Montana Supreme Court 1992, 253 Mont. 408)“…ted a declaration of homestead on the property pursuant to g 70-32-105, MCA. In July 1987, he conveyed the proper…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Montana Code Annotated, Title 25
§ 25-13-609Personal Property Exempt Subject To Value LimitationsIn force
25-13-609. Personal property exempt subject to value limitations. A judgment debtor is entitled to exemption from execution of the following: (1) the judgment debtor's interest, not to exceed $7,000 in aggregate value, to the extent of a value not exceeding $1,250 in any item of property, in household furnishings and goods, appliances, jewelry, wearing apparel, books, firearms and other sporting goods, animals, feed, crops, and musical instruments; (2) the judgment debtor's interest, not to exceed $4,000 in value, in one motor vehicle; and (3) the judgment debtor's interest, not to exceed $4,500 in aggregate value, in any implements, professional books, and tools, of the trade of the judgment debtor or a dependent of the judgment debtor.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-07-29 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at mca.legmt.gov
Cited in 22 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2022
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Dorwart v. Caraway (Montana Supreme Court 1998, 290 Mont. 196)“…the monetary value of the property or benefit. In contrast, § 25-13-609, MCA, provides that judgment debtors are ent…”
- In re Case No. 00-33150-7, Zimmermann (Montana Supreme Court 2002, 309 Mont. 337)“…a separate set of personal property exemptions pursuant to § 25-13-609, MCA. The Bankruptcy Trustee (Trustee) objec…”
- CBI Inc. v. Sharon McCrea (Montana Supreme Court 2012, 365 Mont. 512)“…She also cited several specific exemptions provided in § 25-13-609, MCA, such as household furnishings and a mo…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
§ 25-13-614Earnings Of Judgment DebtorIn forcecited in 2 of our articles
25-13-614. Earnings of judgment debtor. (1) Earnings of a judgment debtor that are not subject to garnishment, as provided in this section, are exempt. (2) Except as provided in subsections (3) and (4), the maximum part of the aggregate disposable earnings of a judgment debtor for any workweek that is subjected to garnishment may not exceed the lesser of: (a) the amount by which the debtor's disposable earnings for the week exceed 30 times the federal minimum hourly wage in effect at the time the earnings are payable; or (b) 25% of the debtor's disposable earnings for that week. (3) The restrictions of subsection (2) do not apply in the case of an order or judgment for the maintenance or support of any person, issued by a court of competent jurisdiction or pursuant to an administrative procedure that is established by state law, affords substantial due process, and is subject to judicial review.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-09-02 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at mca.legmt.gov
Cited in 5 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2012
In the courts (editorial summary, independently checked):Montana courts have applied MCA 25-13-614 as a percentage limit on garnishing a debtor's disposable earnings. In Re the Marriage of Mease (2004) held it allows wage garnishment for maintenance but does not excuse first executing on a judgment or order; Marriage of Winters v. Winters (2004) placed a business bank account outside it.
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Marriage of Winters v. Winters (Montana Supreme Court 2004, 320 Mont. 459)✓A district court shielded a self-employed father's business bank account from execution; the court held the account was not a percentage of disposable earnings under this section nor tools of a trade, so nothing in Title 25 exempted it, and reversed.
- In Re the Marriage of Mease (Montana Supreme Court 2004, 320 Mont. 229)✓An ex-wife argued this garnishment statute let her withhold wages immediately for past-due maintenance; the court rejected that reading, holding the statute allows garnishment for maintenance but does not excuse first executing on a judgment or order.
- White v. White (Montana Supreme Court 1981, 195 Mont. 470)✓An ex-wife sought execution on a $39,502 delinquent alimony judgment; applying the earnings exemption then in force, the court held the statute does not differentiate among types of judgments and affirmed the exemption of earnings needed to support the debtor's family.
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Montana Debt Collection Laws: Garnishment Limits, the New 6-Year Rule, and Repossession
United States Code Title 11
§ 522ExemptionsIn forcecited in 54 of our articles
In this section— “dependent” includes spouse, whether or not actually dependent; and “value” means fair market value as of the date of the filing of the petition or, with respect to property that becomes property of the estate after such date, as of the date such property becomes property of the estate. Notwithstanding section 541 of this title, an individual debtor may exempt from property of the estate the property listed in either paragraph (2) or, in the alternative, paragraph (3) of this subsection. In joint cases filed under section 302 of this title and individual cases filed under section 301 or 303 of this title by or against debtors who are husband and wife, and whose estates are ordered to be jointly administered under Rule 1015(b) of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, one debtor may not elect to exempt property listed in paragraph (2) and the other debtor elect to exempt property listed in paragraph (3) of this subsection. If the parties cannot agree on the alternative to be elected, they shall be deemed to elect paragraph (2), where such election is permitted under the law of the jurisdiction where the case is filed.
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-09-16 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at uscode.house.gov
Cited in 7,574 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2026
In the courts (editorial summary, independently checked):Taylor v. Freeland & Kronz (1992) held that a trustee who does not object within the 30-day period cannot later challenge an exemption claimed under 522(l), even one with no statutory basis. Owen v. Owen (1991) held that 522(f) lien avoidance is not defeated by a state exemption written to exclude lien-encumbered property.
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Taylor v. Freeland & Kronz (Supreme Court of the United States 1992, 503 U.S. 638)✓A Chapter 7 debtor listed the entire proceeds of her TWA discrimination suit as exempt and the trustee let the 30-day objection window lapse; the Court held that under § 522(l) the property is exempt once no one objects, even absent a colorable statutory basis.
- Patterson v. Shumate (Supreme Court of the United States 1992, 504 U.S. 753)✓A debtor's $250,000 ERISA pension interest was excluded from his estate under § 541(c)(2); answering a surplusage argument, the Court read § 522(d)(10)(E) as exempting a broader set of plans, and expressly declined to decide whether § 522(b)(2)(A) also applied.
- Owen v. Owen (Supreme Court of the United States 1991, 500 U.S. 305)✓An ex-wife's judgment lien attached to a Florida condo before state law made it a homestead; the Court held § 522(f) measures impairment against the exemption the debtor would have had but for the lien, so Florida's carve-out for prior liens did not defeat avoidance.
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Bankruptcy Laws by State (2026): Exemptions & Means Test, Bankruptcy in Alabama (2026): Exemptions & Means Test, Bankruptcy in Alaska (2026): Exemptions & Means Test
§ 362Automatic stayIn forcecited in 54 of our articles
Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a petition filed under section 301, 302, or 303 of this title, or an application filed under section 5(a)(3) of the Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970, operates as a stay, applicable to all entities, of— the commencement or continuation, including the issuance or employment of process, of a judicial, administrative, or other action or proceeding against the debtor that was or could have been commenced before the commencement of the case under this title, or to recover a claim against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case under this title; the enforcement, against the debtor or against property of the estate, of a judgment obtained before the commencement of the case under this title; any act to obtain possession of property of the estate or of property from the estate or to exercise control over property of the estate; any act to create, perfect, or enforce any lien against property of the estate; any act to create, perfect, or enforce against property of the debtor any lien to the extent that such lien secures a claim that arose before the commencement of the case under this title; any act to…
Official text (excerpt) · last checked 2026-09-16 · Read the full text in our law library · Verify at uscode.house.gov
Cited in 19,606 court opinions in our collectionLatest citing opinion in our collection: 2026
In the courts (editorial summary, independently checked):United Sav. Assn. of Tex. v. Timbers of Inwood Forest Associates, Ltd. (1988) held that an undersecured creditor gets no interest as adequate protection under 362(d)(1) for delay caused by the stay. NLRB v. Bildisco & Bildisco (1984) applied 362(a) in requiring claims be pursued through bankruptcy administration, not suit.
Opinions citing this section in our collection:
- Clinton v. Jones (Supreme Court of the United States 1997, 520 U.S. 681)“…ublic interests. Brief for Petitioner 34-36. See, e. g., 11 U. S. C. § 362 (litigation against debtor stayed upon…”
- United Sav. Assn. of Tex. v. Timbers of Inwood Forest Associates, Ltd. (Supreme Court of the United States 1988, 484 U.S. 365)✓An undersecured lender on a Houston apartment project sought monthly payments as the price of continuing the § 362(a) automatic stay; the Court held that 'adequate protection' under § 362(d)(1) does not entitle it to interest for the delay in foreclosing on its collateral.
- Pennzoil Co. v. Texaco Inc. (Supreme Court of the United States 1987, 481 U.S. 1)“…if it were forced to file for bankruptcy under Chapter 11. 11 U. S. C. §362 . Texaco, or its successor in interest,…”
Identified automatically from the court opinions citing this section — not a ranking of which case controls.
Also relied on in: Bankruptcy in Arizona (2026): Exemptions & Means Test, Bankruptcy in Arkansas (2026): Exemptions & Means Test, Bankruptcy in California (2026): Exemptions & Means Test
Sources and References
- MCA 70-32-104, Montana homestead value limit ($350,000 base in 2021, +4% per calendar year; set by Department of Revenue rule)(mca.legmt.gov).gov
- MCA 25-13-609, Montana personal-property exemptions (motor vehicle $4,000, household goods $7,000 aggregate / $1,250 per item, tools of trade $4,500)(mca.legmt.gov).gov
- MCA 31-2-106, Montana opt-out of the federal 11 U.S.C. 522(d) exemptions(mca.legmt.gov).gov
- MCA 70-32-104 - Homestead value limit ($350,000 in 2021, increasing 4% each calendar year; DOR sets the figure by rule)(mca.legmt.gov).gov
- U.S. Trustee Program, Census Bureau Median Family Income by family size, cases filed on or after April 1, 2026(justice.gov).gov
- 11 U.S.C. 522, exemptions, including the state opt-out authority in 522(b) and federal nonbankruptcy exemptions in 522(b)(3)(law.cornell.edu)
- U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Montana (Butte, Billings, Great Falls, Missoula, Helena)(mtb.uscourts.gov).gov
- U.S. Trustee Program, Census Bureau Median Family Income by family size, cases filed on or after July 15, 2026 (Montana: $71,310 / $91,452 / $103,285 / $121,698, add $11,100 per additional person)(justice.gov)
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