Texas GPS Tracking Laws: Is It Legal to Put a Tracker on a Car? (2026)

A GPS tracker the size of a matchbox can report a car's location every few minutes for weeks on a single charge. In Texas, hiding one on someone else's vehicle is a crime. And since September 1, 2023, secretly tracking a person with an AirTag or a phone app is a crime too.

This guide is part of our GPS Tracking Laws by State series. It covers Texas Penal Code 16.06, the 2023 harassment law that finally reached Bluetooth trackers, the unusual written-consent rule for private investigators, and your options if you find a device on your car.

Is It Legal to Put a GPS Tracker on a Car in Texas?

Only if you own or lease the vehicle, or you get the owner's or lessee's permission before you install the device. Texas Penal Code 16.06, titled Unlawful Installation of Tracking Device, makes secret installation a crime, and the 2023 harassment amendments criminalize most other forms of covert tracking.

Here is how the law plays out in the situations people actually ask about:

• Your own car: Legal. The statute only protects vehicles owned or leased by another person.
• Your spouse's car, titled only in their name: Illegal without their consent before installation.
• A jointly titled car: Unsettled, and riskier than it sounds. Section 16.06 protects a vehicle "owned or leased by another person," and it does not say "owned solely by another," so a jointly titled car is owned by your co-owner as well as by you. No Texas court has resolved whether a co-owner can be charged, so do not treat joint title as a safe harbor. Using a tracker to monitor your spouse without consent can also be harassment under the 2023 law.
• Your teen driver's car: Legal if you own or lease it, which most parents do.
• An ex's car or belongings: Illegal, and exactly the conduct the 2023 amendments were written to reach.
• A private investigator tracking a cheating spouse: Legal only with written consent from the vehicle's owner or lessee or a court order. "The client hired me" is not a defense.

Texas Penal Code 16.06: The Vehicle Tracking Crime

Section 16.06 says a person commits an offense if the person knowingly installs an electronic or mechanical tracking device on a motor vehicle owned or leased by another person. The offense is a Class A misdemeanor, the most serious misdemeanor level in Texas.

A few details in that sentence matter.

It is an installation crime. The offense is complete the moment the device goes on the vehicle. Prosecutors do not have to prove you ever looked at the location data.

It covers more than GPS. The statute defines a tracking device as one capable of emitting an electronic frequency or other signal that can be used to identify, monitor, or record the location of a person or object. That language reaches GPS units, cellular trackers, and Bluetooth tags attached to a vehicle.

It only protects motor vehicles owned or leased by another. A tracker dropped into a backpack, a coat pocket, or a stroller was never covered by 16.06. For two decades, that was the gap in Texas law. The 2023 Legislature closed it, as explained below.

A narrow peace officer exclusion. Section 16.06(e) says the section does not apply to a peace officer who installed the device in the course of a criminal investigation or pursuant to an order of a court to gather information for a law enforcement agency. That is narrower than "on duty," because it turns on what the installation was for rather than on the officer's shift. Even inside that exclusion, the U.S. Supreme Court held in United States v. Jones (2012) that attaching a GPS device to a suspect's car and monitoring its movements is a Fourth Amendment search, and under general Fourth Amendment law a search normally requires a warrant unless an exception applies.

The 2023 Upgrade: AirTags and Tracking Apps Are Now Harassment

Until 2023, Texas had no good answer for AirTag stalking. Section 16.06 requires a device installed on a motor vehicle, so a coin-sized tracker slipped into a purse, or spyware loaded onto a phone, fell through the cracks.

House Bill 2715, passed by the 88th Legislature and effective September 1, 2023, fixed that. It amended the harassment statute, Penal Code 42.07, so that a person commits harassment by tracking or monitoring another person's personal property or motor vehicle without that person's effective consent. The amendment expressly covers doing it through a tracking application on a personal electronic device as well as through a physical tracking device.

In practice, that means:

• Dropping an AirTag or Tile into someone's bag, jacket, or car can be charged as harassment even though nothing was installed on a vehicle.
• Secretly activating a tracking or location-sharing app on someone's phone is treated the same way.
• The same provision reaches physically following the other person, or causing someone else to follow them, not just devices and apps.
• The base offense is a Class B misdemeanor, rising to Class A in certain cases, such as when the defendant has a prior harassment conviction.

The presumption that matters most to spouses and exes. HB 2715 also added Penal Code 42.07(e), which says that for purposes of the tracking provision it is presumed a person did not give effective consent if an application for a protective or restraining order against the actor has been filed on that person's behalf, or such an order has been issued, under Subchapter A of Chapter 7B or Article 17.292 of the Code of Criminal Procedure or Section 6.504 or Subtitle B, Title 4 of the Family Code. The same presumption applies if the person is married to the actor and a petition for dissolution of marriage has been filed, or was previously married to the actor and the marriage has been dissolved. Once a divorce petition or a protective order application is on file, in other words, a "she was fine with it" defense to tracking starts from behind.

One important element: harassment requires intent to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, or embarrass the victim. Ordinary, disclosed uses of trackers, like a family sharing locations by agreement or a company monitoring its own fleet, are not harassment.

The harassment statute also feeds directly into Texas stalking law. Under Penal Code 42.072, repeated tracking incidents aimed at the same person as part of the same scheme can be prosecuted as stalking, a third-degree felony. With a prior stalking conviction, it becomes a second-degree felony.

Who Can Legally Track a Vehicle in Texas

Section 16.06 builds its exceptions as affirmative defenses, meaning the person charged has to raise and prove them. There are three main paths to lawful tracking, plus the police exclusion.

1. The owner's or lessee's effective consent, obtained first. Consent must come from the vehicle's owner or lessee and must be given before the device is installed. After-the-fact forgiveness does not undo the crime.

2. Assisting law enforcement. A person who installs a device while assisting a peace officer they reasonably believe is authorized to use it in a criminal investigation has a defense.

3. Licensed private investigators, with paperwork. An investigator licensed under Occupations Code Chapter 1702 has a defense only if the PI obtained written consent from the vehicle's owner or lessee, plus written consent from the property owner if installing the device required entering private residential property, or the PI is acting under court authorization.

That written-consent rule surprises a lot of people. Spouses routinely hire investigators assuming the PI can legally tag the other spouse's car. If the target owns or leases that car and has not signed off, the PI cannot. An investigator who does it anyway faces the same Class A misdemeanor as anyone else, plus disciplinary action against their Chapter 1702 license.

4. Peace officers. Section 16.06 does not apply to a peace officer who installed the device in the course of a criminal investigation or pursuant to a court order to gather information for a law enforcement agency. That exclusion is about the purpose of the installation, not about being on duty generally, and the holding of United States v. Jones that such tracking is a Fourth Amendment search still applies, which under general Fourth Amendment law ordinarily means a warrant is required unless an exception applies.

Remember that these are defenses to the installation crime. The 2023 harassment law analyzes the conduct separately, so tracking that is technically outside 16.06 can still be charged under 42.07 when it is done without consent and with intent to harass or alarm.

Can My Employer Track My Car in Texas?

Company vehicles: yes. The employer owns or leases the vehicle, so the consent question answers itself. Texas has no statute requiring an employer to notify employees that a company vehicle carries GPS, and no statute limiting tracking to work hours, although well-run fleet policies disclose it anyway.

Your personal car: only with your consent. An employer that installs a tracker on a vehicle you own or lease without your prior effective consent commits a Class A misdemeanor under 16.06. Employers that reimburse mileage for personal vehicles typically get tracking consent in writing through an employment agreement or an app's terms, which satisfies the statute.

If workplace monitoring is your bigger concern, our guide to Texas recording laws covers audio and video surveillance on the job.

Penalties for Illegal GPS Tracking in Texas

Federal law adds a final layer. The federal stalking statute, 18 U.S.C. 2261A, reaches using a GPS device or other electronic monitoring as part of a course of conduct that places a victim in fear or causes substantial emotional distress, including conduct that crosses state lines.

Civil Options and Protective Orders

Texas does not give tracking victims a fixed statutory damages claim the way California does. But victims are not without civil remedies.

Invasion of privacy. Texas courts recognize the tort of intrusion on seclusion: an intentional intrusion into another person's solitude or private affairs that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. The Texas Supreme Court first recognized a cause of action for invasion of privacy, which includes wrongful intrusion into a person's private activities, in Billings v. Atkinson (1973), a case about a wiretap secretly attached to a family's phone line, and weeks of covert location surveillance is the kind of intrusion the tort exists for. Damages depend on what you can prove, so keep records.

Protective orders. Code of Criminal Procedure Chapter 7B lets victims of stalking apply for a protective order without needing a family or dating relationship with the offender. Victims of family violence can seek protective orders through the Family Code. Our guide to Texas restraining order laws walks through both processes.

Divorce and custody leverage. Evidence gathered through an illegal tracker tends to backfire in family court. Judges can exclude it, and the spouse who planted the device, along with any investigator who helped, can face criminal exposure that reshapes the whole case.

What to Do If You Find a Tracker on Your Car

1. Photograph the device in place before touching it. Location, wiring, and mounting all matter as evidence.
2. Do not destroy it. The device, its serial number, and any account it pairs with can identify who planted it.
3. Report it to your local police department and reference Penal Code 16.06 and 42.07. Ask for a case number.
4. If an abusive partner may have planted it, plan before removing it. Removal tells the person tracking you that you found it. The National Domestic Violence Hotline (800-799-7233) can help you build a safety plan, and a Chapter 7B protective order can follow the police report.
5. Check your phone too. The 2023 law exists because tracking apps are as common as physical devices. Review location-sharing settings, unknown apps, and AirTag alerts on iPhone or the unknown tracker alerts on Android.
6. Sweep for other surveillance. Hidden trackers and hidden cameras often travel together. See our guide to surveillance camera laws by state for what is legal there.

Sources

• Tex. Penal Code 16.06 - Unlawful Installation of Tracking Device
• Tex. Penal Code 42.07 (Harassment) and 42.072 (Stalking)
• House Bill 2715, 88th Legislature (2023), enrolled text
• Tex. Occupations Code Chapter 1702 - Private Security
• Tex. Code of Criminal Procedure Chapter 7B - Protective Orders
• 18 U.S.C. 2261A - Federal stalking statute
• Billings v. Atkinson, 489 S.W.2d 858 (Tex. 1973)
• United States v. Jones, 565 U.S. 400 (2012)

Disclaimer: This article is legal information, not legal advice. Laws change and every situation is different. If you are dealing with illegal tracking, stalking, or a family law dispute involving a GPS device, consult a licensed Texas attorney. If you are in immediate danger, call 911.

More Texas Laws

• Texas Dashcam Laws
• Texas Data Privacy Laws
• Texas Drone Laws
• Texas Employee Monitoring Laws
• Texas Recording Laws
• Texas Restraining Order Laws

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I put a GPS tracker on my spouse's car in Texas?

Not unless your name is on the title or lease, or your spouse consents before you install it. Penal Code 16.06 protects vehicles owned or leased by another person, and marriage does not create an exception. Monitoring a spouse with a tracker or app without consent can also be charged as harassment under Penal Code 42.07, and once a divorce petition or a protective order application is on file, Penal Code 42.07(e) presumes there was no effective consent. The evidence usually backfires in divorce court too.

Is it legal to track my teenager's car in Texas?

Generally yes. Most parents own or lease the car their teen drives, and an owner can put a tracker on their own vehicle. If the car is titled in the name of an adult child, you would need their consent like anyone else.

Is it illegal to put an AirTag in someone's bag or car in Texas?

Yes, when it is done without the person's effective consent and with intent to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, or embarrass them. Since September 1, 2023, Penal Code 42.07 covers tracking or monitoring another person's personal property or motor vehicle, including with Bluetooth trackers and phone apps. The base offense is a Class B misdemeanor, and a repeated pattern can become felony stalking.

Can a private investigator legally put a tracker on a car in Texas?

Only with written consent from the vehicle's owner or lessee, or with court authorization. Texas gives investigators licensed under Occupations Code Chapter 1702 an affirmative defense, but it requires that paperwork, plus the property owner's written consent if installation means entering private residential property. A client's payment is not consent, so a PI who tags a non-consenting target's car commits a Class A misdemeanor and risks their license.

Can my employer track my personal car in Texas?

Only with your consent. Your employer does not own your personal vehicle, so installing a tracker without your prior effective consent violates Penal Code 16.06. Company-owned vehicles are different: the employer can track its own fleet, and Texas has no statute requiring notice or limiting tracking to work hours.

What if the car is titled in both our names?

That is an open question in Texas. Section 16.06 protects a vehicle owned or leased by another person, and it does not say owned solely by another, so a jointly titled car is owned by your co-owner too. No Texas court has decided whether a co-owner can be prosecuted under 16.06, so joint title is not a safe harbor. The 2023 harassment amendments look at conduct rather than title in any event, so using location data to torment, alarm, or control the other co-owner can still support harassment or stalking charges, and if a divorce petition is on file the law presumes there was no effective consent.

Do police need a warrant to put a GPS tracker on my car?

Generally yes. In United States v. Jones (2012), the U.S. Supreme Court held that attaching a GPS device to a car and monitoring its movements is a Fourth Amendment search; under general Fourth Amendment law, a search ordinarily requires a warrant unless an exception applies. Penal Code 16.06 does not apply to a peace officer who installed the device in the course of a criminal investigation or pursuant to a court order to gather information for a law enforcement agency, but under Jones that conduct is still a Fourth Amendment search, and under general Fourth Amendment law a search ordinarily requires a warrant unless an exception applies.

What should I do if I find a GPS tracker on my car?

Photograph it in place, leave it intact, and report it to police, citing Penal Code 16.06 and 42.07. The device and its placement are evidence for criminal charges and for a Chapter 7B protective order. If you believe an abusive partner planted it, contact the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 800-799-7233 before removing it, because removal alerts the person tracking you.