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Iceland follows one-party consent for participant recordings under Art. 228. GDPR via EEA, Art. 199a NCII and deepfake rules, penalties up to 4 years.
Luxembourg requires all-party consent to record calls and conversations. Code penal, Act of 1982, Act of 2005, GDPR, and the EU AI Act all apply. Penalties up to 3 years and 20M EUR GDPR fines.
Bulgaria's Constitution requires all parties know about a recording. GDPR and Criminal Code (Art. 171 interception, 171a, 339a) add other penalties. Full 2026 guide.
Slovenia allows one-party consent to record conversations, but recording to misuse a confidential statement is a crime under Criminal Code Art. 137(2). Learn the penalties, GDPR rules, and workplace recording laws.
Spain is a one-party consent country per STC 114/1984. Learn Codigo Penal Art. 197 penalties, LOPDGDD/GDPR rules, police recording rights, and new deepfake laws.
Russia is a one-party consent jurisdiction: recording your own conversation is not a crime under Criminal Code Articles 137-138. Learn what the 2016 Supreme Court ruling actually held, SORM surveillance, wartime censorship laws (Art. 207.3), and penalties up to 15 years.
Belgium is a one-party consent country under Art. 314bis Code pénal. Participant recording is lawful; non-participant recording carries up to 1 year prison. GDPR, voyeurism, and new Criminal Code (Sept 2026) explained.
Estonia uses a de facto one-party consent framework under the Penal Code. Participant recording is permitted, but GDPR requires a lawful basis. Penalties up to EUR 20M for violations.
Czech Republic is one-party consent under Civil Code § 88. Learn criminal penalties, GDPR obligations, the new § 191a deepfake law (Jan 2026), and workplace rules.
Latvia follows one-party consent: participants may record calls without notice. Learn Criminal Law §§ 144-146, DVI enforcement, the 2024 deepfake law, and EU AI Act obligations.
Romania leans all-party: Penal Code Art. 226 requires a legitimate interest to record your own conversation. Covers Art. 226, Art. 302, GDPR, workplace rules.
Learn the legal rules for AI model licensing and open-source attribution. Understand MIT, Apache 2.0, and custom license requirements before shipping AI products.