Imithetho Yokurekhoda YaseNingizimu Afrika: Imithetho Yemvume Yohlangothi Olulodwa Nezijeziso (2026)

INingizimu Afrika iyisifunda esisebenzisa umthetho wemvume yohlangothi olulodwa ngaphansi koMthetho i-Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-Related Information Act 70 ka-2002 (RICA). Isigaba 4 sivumela noma yimuphi umuntu obamba iqhaza engxoxweni ukuthi ayirekhode ngaphandle kokwazisa abanye ababambe iqhaza; ukurekhoda ingxoxo ongeyona ingxenye yayo ngaphandle kwewaranti kuyicala lobugebengu.

Impendulo Esheshayo: INingizimu Afrika Isebenzisa Imvume Yohlangothi Olulodwa

INingizimu Afrika ilandela umthetho wemvume yohlangothi olulodwa ekurekhodeni izingxoxo. Ngaphansi kweSigaba 4 soMthetho i-Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-Related Information Act 70 ka-2002 (RICA), noma yimuphi umuntu obamba iqhaza ekuxhumaneni angakurekhoda ngaphandle kolwazi noma imvume yolunye uhlangothi.

Uma ukhuluma ucingo, usemhlanganweni, usohlelweni lwevidiyo, noma kunoma iyiphi enye ingxoxo bese ucindezela inkinobho yokurekhoda, wenza ngokusemthethweni. Awudingi ukuxwayisa muntu. Ukubamba kwakho iqhaza engxoxweni yiyona egunya elingokomthetho.

Umehluko unqunyelwe kuphela: awukwazi ukurekhoda ngenhloso yokwenza icala lobugebengu. Uma urekhoda ngenhloso yokuhlukumeza, ukucindezela ngenhlawulo, noma ukukhwabanisa omunye umuntu, ukuvikelwa okuseSigabeni 4 kuyanyamalala. Nganoma iyiphi enye inhloso esemthethweni, kubandakanya ukugcina ubufakazi, ukubhala phansi ingxabano, noma ukugcina umbiko womuntu siqu, imvume yohlangothi olulodwa iyasebenza.

Ukurekhoda ngumuntu wesithathu kuyindaba ehluke ngokuphelele. Uma ungeyona ingxenye yengxoxo, ukuyirekhoda ngaphandle kwewaranti yenkantolo kuyicala lobugebengu elithwala inhlawulo efinyelela ku-R2 million noma iminyaka eyishumi ejele.

I-RICA: Umthetho Oyinhloko Wokuthintela Kwezokuxhumana

Umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika wokurekhoda ususelwa ku-RICA, okungu-Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-Related Information Act 70 ka-2002. IPhalamende lawumisa i-RICA ukuze lithathele indawo izinhlinzeko ezindala zokuthintela ezazikuMthetho i-Riotous Assemblies Act nokwakha uhlaka olusha oluhambisana nelungelo lomthethosisekelo lobumfihlo.

I-RICA ihlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zokuxhumana: izingcingo, imilayezo ye-SMS, ama-imeyili, ukuxhumana kwe-inthanethi, izingxoxo zobuso nobuso, kanye nanoma yikuphi ukushintshiselana kolwazi phakathi kwabantu ababili noma ngaphezulu. Lo Mthetho uchaza igama elithi "ukuthintela" ngokubanzi ukubandakanya ukulalela, ukurekhoda, ukukopisha, ukufunda, noma ukuthola okuqukethwe kunoma yikuphi ukuxhumana ngayo yonke indlela.

Isigaba 2: Ukwaliwa Okuvamile

I-RICA iqala ngokwalwa okubanzi. Isigaba 2 sithi akekho umuntu ovunyelwe ukuthintela ngamabomu, noma ukuzama ukuthintela, noma yikuphi ukuxhumana ngesikhathi kwenzeka noma kudluliswa kunoma yikuphi eNingizimu Afrika. Lokhu kwalwa kusebenza kokubili ukuxhumana okuqondile (izingxoxo zobuso nobuso) nokuxhumana okungaqondile (izingcingo, ama-imeyili, imiyalezo, nanoma yini edluliselwa ngesistimu yezokuxhumana).

Lesi yisimo esijwayelekile. Konke okunye okuku-RICA kungumehluko kulokhu kwalwa noma inqubo yokukwedlula.

Isigaba 4: Imvume Yohlangothi Olulodwa (Umthetho Oyinhloko)

Isigaba 4 yindima abantu abaningi baseNingizimu Afrika abahlangabezana nayo ekwenzeni. Sivumela noma yimuphi umuntu oyingxenye yokuxhumana ukuthi athintele lokho kuxhumana, uma nje lokho kuthintela kungenziwa ngenhloso yokwenza icala.

Ekwenzeni: uma ukwingxoxo, ungayirekhoda. Ukubamba kwakho iqhaza kuyimvume ngokwayo. Akudingekile ukuxwayisa, ukwazisa, noma isivumelwano nolunye uhlangothi.

Yini ebhekwa njengokuba yingxenye: Izinkantolo zichaze lokhu ukuthi kubandakanya noma ngubani obamba iqhaza ngokusebenzayo noma okhona engxoxweni. Uma uhlezi emhlanganweni futhi ingxoxo iqondiswe kuwe noma ikubandakanya, uyingxenye. Uma ubeka idivayisi yokurekhoda egumbini bese uyaphuma, awuyona ingxenye yanoma iyiphi ingxoxo eyenzeka lapho, futhi ukurekhoda kuyobe kuphula iSigaba 2.

Ucwaningo lwango-2026 lwe-Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr luqinisekise lo mehluko ngokucacile: ukurekhoda njengengxenye kusemthethweni, kodwa ukuqapha ngasese izingxoxo ongeyona ingxenye yazo akusemthethweni.

Isigaba 5: Imvume Ebhaliwe Yengxenye

Isigaba 5 selula ilungelo lokurekhoda kubantu abangebona ingxenye yengxoxo uqobo. Ngaphansi kwalesi sigaba, umuntu wesithathu angarekhoda noma athintele ukuxhumana uma enye yezingxenye zalokho kuxhumana inikeze imvume ebhaliwe kusengaphambili yokuthintela.

Lesi yisigaba esisetshenziswa ngabaphenyi bangasese, abameli bezomthetho, kanye nabaqashi abafuna ukurekhoda ingxoxo ngomuntu wesithathu. Imvume kumele itholwe ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe ukurekhoda, futhi kumele ibhalwe phansi. Imvume ngomlomo ayihlangabezani nezidingo zeSigaba 5.

Isigaba 6: Umehluko Wamabhizinisi

Isigaba 6 sigunyaza amabhizinisi ukuthintela ukuxhumana okungaqondile (lokho okudluliselwa ngezinhlelo zezokuxhumana) ngenhloso yokuqapha noma yokugcina amarekhodi, ngaphandle kokudinga imvume ebhaliwe evela kubasebenzi ngabanye, uma nje umlawuli wesistimu ehlangabezana nezidingo ezimbili:

1. Ukuthintela kumele kwenziwe umuntu obhekele isistimu yezokuxhumana, noma ngemvume yakhe ecacile noma ephakanyisiwe.
2. Umlawuli wesistimu kumele enze yonke imizamo enengqondo ukwazisa abasebenzisi kusengaphambili ukuthi ukuxhumana kuleyo sistimu kungase kuthintelwe.

Lesi yisisekelo esisemthethweni sokurekhoda izingcingo emaziko okusiza amakhasimende, ukuqapha ama-imeyili enkampani, nemisebenzi efanayo yokuqapha kwezinkampani. Isidingo sesaziso kusengaphambili sivamise ukuhlangatshezwana naso ngezinkontileka zomsebenzi, izinqubomgomo zokusetshenziswa okwamukelekile kwe-IT, noma isaziso esiboniswa kusistimu yefoni yenkampani.

Umkhawulo obalulekile: Isigaba 6 sisebenza kuphela kukuxhumana okungaqondile okudluliselwa ngesistimu yezokuxhumana. Asihlanganisi izingxoxo zobuso nobuso. Umqashi ofuna ukurekhoda imihlangano yobuso nobuso angeke athembele eSigabeni 6. Kumele abe yingxenye yengxoxo (iSigaba 4) noma athole imvume ebhaliwe evela komunye wababambe iqhaza (iSigaba 5).

Ukuthintela Ngumuntu Wesithathu: Amawaranti Enkantolo

Ngaphandle kweziGaba 4, 5, no-6, ukuthintela ukuxhumana kudinga iwaranti yenkantolo. Isigaba 16 se-RICA simisa inqubo: isikhulu sokuqinisekisa umthetho sifaka isicelo kujaji okhethiwe ukuthola umyalelo wokuthintela. Isicelo kumele sikhombise ukuthi ukuthintela kuyadingeka ukuphenya icala elikhulu elisohlwini lweSchedule 1 ye-RICA, nokuthi ezinye izindlela zokuphenya azanele.

Le nqubo yaba yisihloko sesinqumo esibalulekile seNkantolo YoMthethosisekelo ecaleni le-AmaBhungane, esixoxwa ngokugcwele ngezansi.

Izijeziso Zokurekhoda Okungekho Emthethweni Ngaphansi kwe-RICA

I-RICA ithatha ukuthintela okungekho emthethweni njengecala elikhulu lobugebengu. Ngaphansi kweSigaba 49, noma yimuphi umuntu othintela ngamabomu ukuxhumana ephula lo Mthetho wenza icala.

Isigaba 51 sichaza lezi zijeziso ezilandelayo:

• Abantu ngabanye: Inhlawulo efinyelela ku-R2,000,000 (cishe ama-USD 110,000) noma ukuvalelwa ejele okufinyelela eminyakeni eyi-10, noma kokubili.
• Amacala amadivayisi: Ukukhiqiza, ukuba nayo, ukuthengisa, noma ukukhangisa amadivayisi okuthintela ngaphandle kwegunya kuthwala izijeziso ezifanayo.

Lezi yizijeziso zobugebengu. Ukulahlwa yicala kudala irekhodi lobugebengu, futhi isikhathi esiphakeme seminyaka eyi-10 sibonisa ukuthi umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika uwuthatha njani ngokungathi sína ukuqapha ngaphandle kwemvume. Izinkantolo zichaze ngokusobala ukuthintela okungekho emthethweni njengokwephulwa okukhulu kwamalungelo omthethosisekelo.

Ngaphezu kwe-RICA, amarekhodi angekho emthethweni angase futhi abangele icala lomthetho womphakathi ngaphansi kwePOPIA nezivikelo zomthethosisekelo zobumfihlo.

I-POPIA: Ukuvikelwa Kolwazi Nokurekhoda

UMthetho i-Protection of Personal Information Act 4 ka-2013 (POPIA) waqala ukusetshenziswa ngokugcwele ngomhla ziyi-1 kuJulayi 2021. Ulawula ukucutshungulwa kolwazi lomuntu siqu, futhi irekhodi lezwi lomuntu okwaziwayo lihlanganiswa njengolwazi lomuntu siqu ngaphansi kwalo Mthetho.

I-POPIA ayithathi indawo ye-RICA. Irekhodi elisemthethweni ngaphansi kweSigaba 4 se-RICA aliqondene ngokuzenzakalela nePOPIA. Le mithetho emibili isebenza ngokuhambisana.

Izibopho Eziyisisekelo zePOPIA Ezithinta Amarekhodi

Umkhawulo wenhloso: Ulwazi lomuntu siqu, kuhlanganise nerekhodi lezwi, kumele luqoqwe ngenhloso ecacile, echaziwe ngokusobala, nesemthethweni. Kumele wazi ukuthi kungani urekhoda ngaphambi kokucindezela inkinobho yokurekhoda, futhi ungasebenzisa kuphela irekhodi ngaleyo nhloso eshiwo.

Umkhawulo wokucutshungulwa: Irekhodi kumele lanele, lihambisane nenhloso, futhi lingabi ngokweqile uma kuqhathaniswa nenhloso. Uma udinga kuphela amanothi alokho okuvunyelwene ngakho emhlanganweni, ukurekhoda ingxoxo yamahora amabili nokuyigcina isikhathi esingapheli kungase kungahambisani nalesi simiso.

Umkhawulo wokugcinwa: Amarekhodi akumele agcinwe isikhathi eside ngaphezu kwalokho okudingekile. Uma inhloso isifezekile, irekhodi kufanele lisuswe noma kususwe ulwazi olukhomba umuntu.

Izivikelo zokuphepha: Umuntu noma inhlangano egcine irekhodi kumele ithathe izinyathelo ezinengqondo zobuchwepheshe nezenhlangano ukuvimbela ukungeniswa okungagunyaziwe, ukudalulwa, noma ukulahleka.

Amalungelo omuntu okuqoqwe ulwazi lwakhe: Umuntu orekhodiwe ngokuvamile unelungelo lokwazi ukuthi ulwazi lwakhe lomuntu siqu luyacutshungulwa, nokucela ukufinyelela kulo noma ukususwa kwalo, kuncike ekuvumelekeni ngokomthetho.

Izichibiyelo Zemithethonqubo YePOPIA Zango-Ephreli 2025

Ngomhla zi-17 ku-Ephreli 2025, i-Information Regulator yakhipha imithethonqubo echitshiyeliwe yePOPIA eyaqala ukusebenza ngokushesha. Izinguquko eziyinhloko ezihlobene nemikhuba yokurekhoda zihlanganisa:

• Amalungelo okuphikisa: Abantu abaqoqelwe ulwazi manje bangaphikisa ukucutshungulwa kolwazi lwabo lomuntu siqu mahhala ngezindlela ezifinyeleleka kalula, kubandakanya i-imeyili, i-SMS, i-WhatsApp, noma ukuletha ngesandla.
• Imvume yokukhangisa okuqondile: Izinqubo zokuzikhipha (opt-out) azisenayo isimo semvume evumelekile yokukhangisa okuqondile ngokuxhumana kagesi. Kudingeka imvume ebhaliwe evumayo, ethathwe ngaphambili.
• Izinhlawulo zokuphathwa kwezinto: Izichibiyelo zethule izinqubo ezintsha zokukhokha izinhlawulo zokuphathwa kwezinto ngezingxenyana, okukhombisa ukuthi ukuqiniswa komthetho kuyaqhubeka nokuhlelekiswa.

Kumabhizinisi arekhoda izingcingo ngenhloso yokuthengisa, ukusiza amakhasimende, noma ukuhambisana nemithetho, izinguquko zango-Ephreli 2025 ziqinisa isidingo sesisekelo esisemthethweni esibhaliwe kuyo yonke inhlobo yokurekhoda.

Izijeziso ZePOPIA

Isigaba 107 sePOPIA sichaza:

• Amacala amakhulu (kuhlanganise ukucutshungulwa kolwazi lomuntu siqu okungekho emthethweni): Inhlawulo efinyelela ku-R10 million noma ukuvalelwa ejele okufinyelela eminyakeni eyi-10, noma kokubili.
• Amacala amancane: Inhlawulo noma ukuvalelwa ejele okufinyelela ezinyangeni eziyi-12, noma kokubili.
• Izinhlawulo zokuphathwa kwezinto ezibekwa yi-Information Regulator: Kufinyelela ku-R10 million.

I-Information Regulator inyuse umsebenzi wayo wokuqinisa umthetho. Ngo-2023 yakhipha isaziso sokuqinisa umthetho kwi-South African Police Service ngemuva kokuba amaphoyisa esabelane ngolwazi lomuntu siqu lwezisulu zobugebengu eqenjini le-WhatsApp. Ngo-2025 i-Regulator yabika ukwanda okungamaphesenti angu-40 kwezigameko zokuphulwa kokuphepha uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule.

Isisekelo SoMthethosisekelo: Ilungelo Lobumfihlo eSigabeni 14

Wonke umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika wokurekhoda usekelwe esiGabeni 14 soMthethosisekelo, esithi:

"Wonke umuntu unelungelo lobumfihlo, elihlanganisa ilungelo lokuthi (a) umuntu wakhe noma ikhaya lakhe lingaseshwa; (b) impahla yakhe ingaseshwa; (c) izinto zakhe zingathathwa; noma (d) ubumfihlo bokuxhumana kwakhe bungaphulwa."

Isigaba 16 soMthethosisekelo sinezela ilungelo elilinganiselayo lenkululeko yokuzwakalisa imibono, elisetshenziswa izinkantolo ukulinganisa amarekhodi wokuphendulisa, umsebenzi wezindaba, nokudalulwa okusezweni lomphakathi ngokumelene nezimangalo zobumfihlo bomuntu ngamunye.

INkantolo YoMthethosisekelo isike yagcizelela izikhathi eziningi ukuthi iSigaba 14 asivikeli nje kuphela ubumfihlo bomzimba kodwa nobumfihlo bolwazi: ilungelo lokulawula ukuthi yiluphi ulwazi ngawe olungena embonini yomphakathi nokuthi ubani onelungelo lokufinyelela kulo. Icala le-AmaBhungane (ngezansi) yiwona umthombo omkhulu wegunya mayelana nokuthi leli lungelo linciphisa kanjani ukuqashwa kombuso.

I-NM v Smith [2007] ZACC 6

Ecaleni le-NM and Others v Smith and Others, iNkantolo YoMthethosisekelo yagcizelela ukuthi ukushicilela ulwazi lomuntu siqu olukhomba abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yabo kwephula amalungelo abo omthethosisekelo obumfihlo nesithunzi, ngisho noma lolo lwazi lwase luke lwavela kwenye indawo ngaphambilini. Inkantolo yanikeza isinxephezelo kubafaki bezicelo okwadalulwa isimo sabo se-HIV ngaphandle kwemvume encwadini yezimpilo eyanyatheliswa.

Nakuba icala le-NM v Smith laliphathelene nokushicilelwa kunokurekhoda, lasungula isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika uphatha ubumfihlo bolwazi njengelungelo elikhulu lomthethosisekelo elingaqiniswa ngesinxephezelo, hhayi nje isivikelo senqubo. Wonke amacala alandelayo aphathelene nokurekhoda nobumfihlo asekela kulesi simiso.

I-Bernstein v Bester [1996] ZACC 2

INkantolo YoMthethosisekelo ecaleni le-Bernstein yasungula ukuthi ilungelo lobumfihlo alizimele ngokuphelele futhi liyancipha ngokulingana nezinga lokuthi imisebenzi ingena kangakanani embonini yomphakathi. Umuntu owenza ibhizinisi ngendlela ethinta abanye ugcina okulindelekile kobumfihlo okuncishisiwe mayelana nalezo zindaba zebhizinisi. Lesi simiso sisetshenziswa njalo lapho izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi ngabe irekhodi lengxoxo yebhizinisi noma yokuxhumana emsebenzini liyalephula yini ilungelo lobumfihlo.

I-AmaBhungane v Minister of Justice [2021] ZACC 3

Isinqumo sasenkantolo esibaluleke kakhulu emthethweni wokuqashwa waseNingizimu Afrika yisinqumo seNkantolo YoMthethosisekelo ecaleni le-AmaBhungane Centre for Investigative Journalism NPC v Minister of Justice, esakhishwa ngomhla zi-4 kuFebhuwari 2021.

Isizinda Secala

I-AmaBhungane Centre for Investigative Journalism kanye nentatheli uStephen Sole bathola ukuthi ukuxhumana kuka-Sole kwakuthintelwe ngaphansi kwe-RICA ngamahhovisi ezokuphepha kombuso. Baphonsela inselelo ukuvumelana noMthethosisekelo kohlelo lokuqashwa lwe-RICA, bephikisa ukuthi lwalungenazo izivikelo ezidingekayo ngaphansi kweSigaba 14 soMthethosisekelo.

Lokho Inkantolo Ekutholile

Ebhalela iningi lamajaji, uJaji Madlanga wagcizelela ukuthi ukuthintela kombuso kokuxhumana kwangasese kuyi-"ukwephulwa okukhulu okuhlaselayo kobumfihlo" ngaphansi kweSigaba 14. Inkantolo yakhomba iziphakamiso ezine eziyingozi zomthethosisekelo ku-RICA:

1. Alukho uphawu lwesaziso ngemuva kokuqashwa: I-RICA yayingenalo uphawu lokuthi umuntu oqashiwe akwaziswe ukuthi ukuxhumana kwakhe kuthintelwe, ngisho nangemuva kokuba uphenyo seluphothuliwe.
2. Ukuntula ukuzimela kwezinkantolo: UNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa wayenamandla angenamkhawulo okuqoka nokuvuselela ijaji elikhethiwe elinikeza amagunya okuthintela, okuqeda ukuzimela komsebenzi walelo jaji.
3. Azikho izivikelo ezikhethekile zezintatheli nabameli: I-RICA yayingenazo izivikelo ezengeziwe zelungelo eliphakathi kombeli nomthengi noma imfihlo yemithombo yentatheli lapho labo bantu bekuhlosiwe kubo ukuqashwa.
4. Ukuqashwa okusabalele akusemthethweni: Inkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi ukuthintela okusabalele kokuxhumana ngaphandle kwegunya ngamunye kwakungavunyelwe ngokomthethosisekelo.

Umyalelo Nesimo Samanje

Inkantolo yamemezela i-RICA njengengahambisani noMthethosisekelo kulezi zici, futhi yamisa isikhathi lesi simemezelo saphelelwa amandla izinyanga ezingu-36, kwaze kwaba ngu-4 kuFebhuwari 2024, ukuze iPhalamende likwazi ukumisa umthetho olungisayo.

IPhalamende laphasisa uMthethosivivinywa Wokuchibiyela i-RICA ngo-2023. Nokho, uMengameli uRamaphosa wawubuyisela ePhalamende ngoNovemba 2024, ecaphuna izinkinga zomthethosisekelo mayelana nezinhlinzeko zesaziso ngemuva kokuqashwa esigabeni esisha esiphakanyiswayo iSigaba 25A. Kusukela ngoMeyi 2026, iKomiti Yezobulungiswa icele ukucaciselwa yiHhovisi likaMengameli kodwa uMthethosivivinywa usalinde ukusayinwa futhi usacutshungulwa. Izinhlinzeko zangempela ze-RICA ziyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngaphansi kwesimemezelo esimisiwe sokungabi namandla.

Kubantu abavamile baseNingizimu Afrika, lokhu kungqubuzana kwenqubo akukuthinti ukusebenza kwansuku zonke komthetho wemvume yohlangothi olulodwa. Kuthinta uhlaka lomthethosisekelo lokuqashwa kombuso, hhayi ukurekhoda kwabantu bomdabu.

Ukurekhoda Amaphoyisa

Ilungelo Lokurekhoda i-SAPS

Abantu baseNingizimu Afrika banelungelo elivikelwe umthethosisekelo lokurekhoda amaphoyisa lapho enza imisebenzi yawo ezindaweni zomphakathi. Lokhu kwaqinisekiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme yaseJohannesburg ecaleni le-Jacobs v Minister of Police and Others ngo-2025.

Icala lavela lapho ummeli uShaun Jacobs ethwebula ividiyo yesivimbo samaphoyisa esasivimbe indlela yakhe yokungena endlini. Waboshwa wagcinwa amahora angu-26. Inkantolo yathola ukuthi ukuboshwa kwakhe kwakungekho emthethweni futhi yamnikeza isinxephezelo esingu-R250,000, esahlukaniswe phakathi kukaNgqongqoshe Wamaphoyisa kanye noMnyango Wamaphoyisa Wesifunda i-Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Police Department.

Izimiso Ezivela Ecaleni le-Jacobs v Minister of Police

• Izakhamuzi azidingi imvume ukurekhoda amaphoyisa e-SAPS noma amaphoyisa kamasipala lapho enza imisebenzi yomphakathi.
• Ngaphansi kweSigaba 4 se-RICA, umuntu oyingxenye yokuxhumana namaphoyisa angarekhoda umsindo nevidiyo ngaphandle kwemvume yesikhulu samaphoyisa.
• Amaphoyisa lapho enza imisebenzi yomphakathi awakwazi ukubiza isivikelo sobumfihlo sePOPIA kuleyo misebenzi.
• Ukurekhoda iphoyisa kungukusebenzisa amalungelo avikelwe umthethosisekelo ngaphansi kweziGaba 14 no-16 zoMthethosisekelo, hhayi isenzo sobugebengu.
• Ukurekhoda akumele kuvimbe ngokomzimba noma kuphazamise imisebenzi yokuqinisa umthetho.

Amakhamera Agqokwayo Emzimbeni e-SAPS

I-SAPS ibilinga amakhamera agqokwa emzimbeni (BWC), ngokusatshalaliswa kokuqala kwamayunithi ayi-100. Izindleko ezilinganiselwe ziyi-R14.4 million eminyakeni emihlanu, nakuba izindleko zengqalasizinda, ukugcinwa kolwazi, nokuqeqeshwa ziyokwandisa lokhu ngokubalulekile. Imifanekiso ye-BWC ilawulwa izinhlinzeko ze-RICA mayelana nokuthintela okusemthethweni kanye nemithethonqubo yePOPIA yokuphathwa kolwazi. Imifanekiso ethwetshulwe amaphoyisa ngesikhathi sokubanjwa komsolwa noma ukungena okusemthethweni endaweni iyamukeleka njengobufakazi uma izimo ezithile ze-RICA zokurekhoda kokuqinisa umthetho zihlangatshezwene.

Izingcingo Naphambana Nezingxoxo Zobuso Nobuso

I-RICA ihlukanisa phakathi "kokuxhumana okungaqondile" (okudluliselwa ngesistimu yezokuxhumana) "nokuxhumana okuqondile" (ubuso nobuso). Isimiso semvume yohlangothi olulodwa ngaphansi kweSigaba 4 sisebenza kokubili, kodwa umehluko wamabhizinisi ngaphansi kweSigaba 6 usebenza kuphela kokuxhumana okungaqondile.

Izingcingo, Amakholi Evidiyo, Nemilayezo

Izingcingo, imilayezo ye-SMS, ama-imeyili, imilayezo ye-WhatsApp, nanoma yikuphi ukuxhumana okudluliselwa ngenethiwekhi kuwukuxhumana okungaqondile. Isigaba 4 sivumela ukurekhoda ngumuntu obamba iqhaza. Isigaba 6 sivumela umqashi ukuqapha izinhlelo zenkampani ngesaziso esithunyelwe kusengaphambili. Noma iyiphi kulezi zisekelo yanele ezimweni eziningi ezisemthethweni zokurekhoda.

Izingxoxo Zobuso Nobuso

Izingxoxo zobuso nobuso ukuxhumana okuqondile. Isigaba 4 sisasebenza: uma uyingxenye, ungarekhoda. Nokho, Isigaba 6 asisebenzi. Ibhizinisi elifuna ukurekhoda imihlangano yobuso nobuso kumele libe yingxenye yaleyo mihlangano noma lithole imvume ebhaliwe evela komunye wababambe iqhaza ngaphansi kweSigaba 5.

Lo mehluko ubaluleke kakhulu kubaqashi. Inkampani ingamisa ukurekhoda kwezingcingo okuzenzakalelayo kusistimu yayo yefoni ngaphansi kweSigaba 6, kunenqubomgomo yesaziso efanele. Ayikwazi ukubeka amamakrofoni afihliwe emagumbini emihlangano ngaphansi kwaleli gunya elifanayo.

Ukurekhoda Emsebenzini

Amalungelo Okuqapha Omqashi Ngaphansi kweSigaba 6

Abaqashi abasebenzisa izinhlelo zezokuxhumana zebhizinisi bangathintela ukuxhumana okungaqondile ngenhloso yokuqapha noma yokugcina amarekhodi, uma nje bonke abasebenzisi besistimu benikeziwe isaziso kusengaphambili sokuthi ukuqapha kungenzeka. Ekwenzeni, lokhu kufezwa nge:

• Izinkontileka zomsebenzi ezinesigaba sokuqapha
• Izinqubomgomo zokusetshenziswa okwamukelekile kwe-IT
• Isaziso esizwakalayo ekuqaleni kwezingcingo ("lolu cingo lungase lurekhodwe")
• Isigaba sencwadi yomqondiso wabasebenzi

Ubukhulu bomusho othi "ohlobene nokuqhutshwa kwebhizinisi" abukachazwa ngokugcwele izinkantolo. Umbono ojwayelekile uthi izingcingo ezihlobene nebhizinisi kumugqa wenkampani zihlanganisiwe, kanti izingcingo ezingokomuntu siqu kuphela ezenziwa ngezinsiza zenkampani zingase zigcine isivikelo esikhulu sobumfihlo.

Amalungelo Okurekhoda Abasebenzi

Abasebenzi bagcina wonke amalungelo eSigaba 4 emsebenzini. Isisebenzi esiyingxenye yengxoxo, kungaba nomphathi, ozakwabo, noma ikhasimende, singayirekhoda leyo ngxoxo ngaphandle kokwazisa abanye ababambe iqhaza. Leli lungelo lisetshenzisiwe njalo ezinqubweni zokuqondisa isiyalo nasezimpikiswaneni zokuxoshwa okungabi nabulungisa phambi kwe-CCMA neNkantolo Yezabasebenzi.

I-CCMA neNkantolo Yezabasebenzi zivamise ukwamukela amarekhodi ezingxoxo zomsebenzi njengobufakazi ezimpikiswaneni zokuxoshwa okungabi nabulungisa, ukuhlukumeza, nokuxoxisana ngokuhlangene. Kudingeka ukuqinisekiswa kwerekhodi, kubandakanya ukumisa umsuka nobuqotho balo.

I-POPIA Nokurekhoda Emsebenzini

Bobabili abaqashi nabasebenzi babhekana nezibopho zePOPIA lapho bephatha amarekhodi. Abaqashi kumele bakhombe isisekelo esisemthethweni sokucutshungulwa kolwazi lomuntu siqu lwesisebenzi, ngokuvamile kube usongo olusemthethweni lokuhambisana nomthetho womsebenzi noma izidingo zokusebenza zebhizinisi. Abasebenzi abarekhoda izingxoxo kumele bagcine baphinde baphathe lawo marekhodi ngokuhambisana nezimiso zePOPIA zokuphepha nomkhawulo wokugcinwa.

UMthetho i-Labour Relations Act kanye ne-Basic Conditions of Employment Act uqobo awulawuli ukurekhoda, kodwa ukurekhoda okungekho emthethweni noma okungathembekile kungase kubaluleke ezinqubweni zokuqondisa isiyalo nasekuhloleni ukuthi ukuxoshwa kwakunobulungisa ngokwenqubo nangokwesisekelo yini.

Ukurekhoda Ezindaweni Zomphakathi

Umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika ngokuvamile uvumela ukurekhoda ezindaweni zomphakathi lapho kungekho khona ukulindela okunengqondo kobumfihlo. Ilungelo lomthethosisekelo lenkululeko yokuzwakalisa imibono ngaphansi kweSigaba 16 lisekela ilungelo lokuthwebula izithombe nokurekhoda ezindaweni zomphakathi.

Izimiso eziyinhloko zokurekhoda emphakathini:

• Imigwaqo nezindawo ezivulekile zomphakathi: Ngokuvamile kuvunyelwe ngaphandle kwemvume, njengoba abantu abasesidlangalaleni benokulindela okuncishisiwe kobumfihlo.
• Imihlangano nemicimbi yomphakathi: Uma uyihambele futhi ngakho-ke uyingxenye yenqubo, ungarekhoda ngaphansi kweSigaba 4.
• Izakhiwo zikahulumeni namaphoyisa: Isinqumo se-Jacobs saqinisekisa ilungelo lokurekhoda amaphoyisa ezindaweni zomphakathi. Amanye amaziko kahulumeni abeka imikhawulo esekelwe ekuphepheni yokurekhoda ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo, kodwa lena ayisebenzi emisebenzini ebonakalayo endaweni yomphakathi.
• Impahla yangasese evulelwe umphakathi: Amaziko okuthenga, izindawo zokudlela, nezinkundla zemidlalo zingase zibeke imikhawulo yokurekhoda njengesimo sokungena. Lezi yizimiso zesivumelwano, hhayi umthetho wobugebengu. Umuntu orekhoda ephula leso simo angase acelwe ukuthi aphume kodwa akenzi cala le-RICA.
• I-POPIA nokushicilelwa: Ngisho nerekhodi elisemthethweni lomphakathi elithwebula ulwazi lomuntu siqu olwaziwayo lingase libangele izibopho zePOPIA uma uhlose ukusabalalisa noma ukushicilela. Ukushicilela kuwuhlobo lokucutshungulwa, futhi kumele ube nesisekelo esisemthethweni.

UMthetho i-Cybercrimes Act 19 ka-2020

UMthetho i-Cybercrimes Act 19 ka-2020 waqala ukusebenza ngomhla ziyi-1 kuJuni 2021. Wenza amacala amasha angu-20 obugebengu bobuchwepheshe futhi ubalulekile emthethweni wokurekhoda ngezindlela ezimbili: izinhlinzeko zokuxhumana okunobulala eziGabeni 14 kuya ku-16, kanye nohlaka lobufakazi bedijithali nophenyo.

Isigaba 14: Ukuxhumana Okunenhloso Embi Okusongela Udlame

Isigaba 14 senza ukudalulwa ngamabomu, ngezindlela zaka-elekthronikhi, kwemiyalezo yolwazi esongela umuntu ngokulinyazwa kwempahla noma udlame, noma egqugquzela abanye ukwenza udlame kumuntu othile ibe yicala. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa izimo lapho irekhodi lisetshenziswa njengesikhali sokusongela: isibonelo, ukusongela ukukhipha irekhodi ngaphandle uma izimfuno zingahlangatshezwene nazo.

Isigaba 15: Ukuxhumana Okunenhloso Embi Okubangela Ukulimala Komoya

Isigaba 15 sigxile emiyalezweni yolwazi ethunyelwa ngenhloso yokubangela ukulimala komoya noma kwengqondo kumuntu othile. Irekhodi elabelwana ngalo ngenhloso embi yokujabhisa, ukucindezela, noma ukulimaza isithunzi somuntu orekhodiwe lingase liwele ngaphansi kwalesi sigaba.

Isigaba 16: Izithombe Zangasese Ezingavunyelwe (NCII)

Isigaba 16 siyisigaba esiyinhloko esiphathelene nezithombe zangasese futhi, ngokwelula, nama-deepfake. Senza ukudalulwa okungekho emthethweni nokungamabomu, ngayo yonke inkonzo yokuxhumana kagesi, komyalezo wolwazi wesithombe sangasese somuntu ngaphandle kwemvume yalowo muntu, kube yicala.

"Isithombe sangasese" ngaphansi kwalo Mthetho sichazwa ngokubanzi ukuhlanganisa noma yimuphi umfanekiso womuntu, ongokoqobo noma olingisiwe, lapho:

• Umuntu enqunu, noma indawo yakhe yangasese noma yangemuva ivezwe obala; noma
• Uma umuntu engowesifazane, eyi-transgender, noma eyi-intersex, amabele akhe evezwe obala; noma
• Indawo yangasese noma yangemuva embozwe, noma amabele ambozwe (kwabesifazane, ama-transgender, noma ama-intersex), aboniswa ngendlela ephakamisa ukuthi kunobunqunu.

Ukufakwa kwemifanekiso "engokoqobo noma elingisiwe" kubalulekile: kuhlanganisa imifanekiso ekhiqizwe noma eshintshwe ngobuchwepheshe bedijithali, kubandakanya nokuqukethwe kobulili kwe-deepfake. Lo Mthetho awudingi ubufakazi bokuthi ukudalulwa kubangele ukulimala okoqobo; isenzo sokudalulwa ngaphandle kwemvume yisona cala uqobo.

Isijeziso ngaphansi kweziGaba 14-16: Inhlawulo noma ukuvalelwa ejele okufinyelela eminyakeni emithathu, noma kokubili.

Izisulu zingafaka nesicelo Somyalelo Wokuvikela ngaphansi kwe-Cybercrimes Act ukwalela ukudalulwa noma ukusatshalaliswa okuqhubekayo kwalokho okuqukethwe.

UMthetho i-Films and Publications Amendment Act 11 ka-2019

UMthetho i-Films and Publications Amendment Act 11 ka-2019 waqala ukusebenza ngomhla ziyi-1 kuNdasa 2022. Nakuba ikakhulukazi uchibiyela uhlaka lokulawula amafilimu, imidlalo, nezinto ezishicilelwe ku-inthanethi, ufaka izinhlinzeko ezihlobene ngokuqondile nokwabelana ngamarekhodi angasese ngaphandle kwemvume.

Izinhlinzeko Zezithombe Zocansi Zempindiselo

I-FPAA yenza kube yicala ukusatshalaliswa ngokwazi kwezithombe zangasese noma imifanekiso yobucansi noma enesimo esidumazayo somunye umuntu ngaphandle kwemvume yalowo muntu futhi ngenhloso yokubangela ukulimala. Lesi yisici somthetho esaziwa ngokuthi umthetho "wezithombe zocansi zempindiselo" eNingizimu Afrika. I-Film and Publications Board (FPB) inikezwe amandla okuqapha nokuthatha isinyathelo ngokumelene nokusatshalaliswa kokuqukethwe okunjalo ku-inthanethi.

Okuqukethwe Kwe-Deepfake

Ukuhlanganisa kwe-FPAA yokusatshalaliswa kwezithombe zangasese, kanye nomusho othi "ongokoqobo noma olingisiwe" we-Cybercrimes Act eSigabeni 16, kusho ukuthi okuqukethwe okwenziwe ngobuchwepheshe noma okwakhiwe yi-AI okuveza umuntu wangempela kuwela ngaphansi kobubanzi bomthetho wobugebengu waseNingizimu Afrika. Ividiyo ye-deepfake yomuntu esimweni sobucansi, eyenziwe ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe futhi yasatshalaliswa ku-inthanethi, ihlanganisa le mithetho yomibili ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Ukuphawula kwezifundiswa kuye kwaphawula ukuthi uhlaka lwamanje lunemikhawulo. Isidingo "senhloso yokubangela ukulimala" ku-FPAA kusho ukuthi umuntu osatshalalisa okuqukethwe kwe-deepfake okungasese ngaphandle kokunaka ukuthi kubangela ukulimala noma cha angase aphunyule esibophweni sobugebengu ngaphansi kwe-Films Act, ngisho noma esaboshiwe ngaphansi kwesimiso esisekelwe emvumeni se-Cybercrimes Act. I-Draft National AI Policy Framework (2024) iyakuvuma lokhu kuntuleka futhi iphakamisa izivikelo zokuqukethwe okukhiqizwe yi-AI, nakuba lolu shicilelo lungakalindelekile ukuthi luqedwe kuze kube unyaka wezimali ka-2026/2027.

Ukuxhumana ne-POPIA

Ukusatshalalisa noma yiliphi irekhodi noma isithombe esiqukethe ulwazi lomuntu siqu ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe kubuye kubangele nePOPIA. I-Information Regulator ingaphishekela isinyathelo sokuqinisa umthetho kumsatshalalisi ngokuzimela kunoma yikuphi ukushushiswa kobugebengu ngaphansi kwe-Cybercrimes Act noma i-FPAA.

Ukwamukeleka Kwamarekhodi Njengobufakazi

Izinkantolo zaseNingizimu Afrika zisebenzisa indlela yokwahlulela ngokwazo lapho zamukela amarekhodi njengobufakazi. Isimiso esivela ecaleni le-Harvey v Niland siwukuthi izinkantolo zingamukela ubufakazi obutholwe ngokungekho emthethweni uma izithakazelo zobulungiswa kudinga kanjalo.

Izinto izinkantolo ezizilinganisayo zihlanganisa:

• Uhlobo nobukhulu bokwephulwa kobumfihlo okubandakanyeka ekutholeni irekhodi
• Ukuthi ngabe kwakukhona izindlela ezisemthethweni zokuthola lobo bufakazi obufanayo
• Inani lobufakazi kanye nokubaluleka kwerekhodi kulelo cala
• Ukuthi ngabe ukwamukela irekhodi kungaletha ukungahloniphi ekuphathweni kobulungiswa yini

Amarekhodi enziwe ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kweSigaba 4 se-RICA ngokuvamile ayamukeleka njengobufakazi obubhaliwe. Kudingeka ukuqinisekiswa: uhlangothi olwethula irekhodi kumele lumise umsuka walo, idivayisi nendlela esetshenzisiwe, kanye neqiniso lokuthi irekhodi alishintshiwe.

Ezinqubweni zomthetho womphakathi nezabasebenzi, izinkantolo namabhodi okulalela azamukele kabanzi amarekhodi ezingxoxo zomsebenzi, amacala okuqondiswa isiyalo, nezingxoxo zokuxazulula. I-CCMA neNkantolo Yezabasebenzi ziphatha amarekhodi eSigaba 4 njengobufakazi obusetshenziswa njalo ezindabeni zokuxoshwa okungabi nabulungisa nokuhlukumeza.

Icala Lomthetho Womphakathi Ngokurekhoda Okungekho Emthethweni

Ngaphezu kwezijeziso zobugebengu, ukurekhoda okungekho emthethweni kudala icala lomthetho womphakathi ngezisekelo eziningi.

Isinxephezelo somthethosisekelo: INkantolo YoMthethosisekelo yaqinisekisa ecaleni le-Fose v Minister of Safety and Security ukuthi uhlangothi olwephulelwe amalungelo alo omthethosisekelo lungathola isinxephezelo ngokuqondile ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo, ngaphandle kokudinga ukufaka isimangalo ngaphakathi kwesizathu sesenzo esonakalisayo esejwayelekile. Umuntu oqashwe ngokungekho emthethweni angafuna isinxephezelo somthethosisekelo ngokwephulwa kweSigaba 14.

Isenzo esonakalisayo (delict): Umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika uyakuqaphela ukuqashwa kobumfihlo njengengxenye ye-actio injuriarum. Ukuthintela okungekho emthethweni okubangela ukulimala esithunzini noma odumeni kungasekela isimangalo ngesenzo esonakalisayo, isinxephezelo silinganiswa ngokwezinga lokulimala.

Isimangalo somthetho womphakathi sePOPIA: Isigaba 99 sePOPIA sinikeza abantu abaqoqelwe ulwazi lwabo ilungelo lokuqala inqubo yomthetho womphakathi ukufuna isinxephezelo lapho ulwazi lwabo lomuntu siqu lucutshungulwe ngokuphula lo Mthetho. Lokhu kuhlinzeka ngesixazululo sengeziwe somthetho womphakathi esihlukile kokuqinisa umthetho okwenziwa yi-Information Regulator.

Ngakho-ke, irekhodi elilodwa elingekho emthethweni lingabangela ukushushiswa kobugebengu okuhambisanayo ngaphansi kwe-RICA, isinyathelo sokuphathwa kwezinto se-Information Regulator ngaphansi kwePOPIA, kanye nezimangalo zomthetho womphakathi zesinxephezelo somthethosisekelo nesenzo esonakalisayo.

Ukurekhoda Okuwela Imingcele Yamazwe

Lapho ukuxhumana okurekhodiwe kuwela umngcele wezizwe, imithetho yokurekhoda yawo womabili amazwe ingase isebenze. INingizimu Afrika ayinaso isinqumo somthetho esihlukile esibhekana nokurekhoda okuwela imingcele, ngakho uhlaka olubanzi lwe-RICA lusebenza ohlangothini lwaseNingizimu Afrika.

Isimiso sokwenza siwukuthi: sebenzisa umthetho wezwe oqinile kakhulu. Uma usikuseNingizimu Afrika urekhoda ucingo nomuntu ose-Germany (elidinga imvume yazo zonke izingxenye), ukuhambisana kuphela nomthetho we-RICA wemvume yohlangothi olulodwa kungase kukubeke ecaleni ngaphansi komthetho wase-Germany uma le ndaba ifika enkantolo yaseGermany. Ngokuphambene, uma umshayeli wocingo waseGermany erekhoda ingxoxo nomuntu waseNingizimu Afrika obamba iqhaza, umthetho waseGermany ulawula ukuziphatha komuntu waseGermany kanti i-RICA ilawula okomuntu waseNingizimu Afrika.

Ukudluliselwa Kolwazi Okuwela Imingcele Ngaphansi kwePOPIA

Isigaba 72 sePOPIA sinqumela ukudluliselwa kolwazi lomuntu siqu (kuhlanganise namarekhodi) kubantu abakwamukelayo emazweni angaphandle. Inhlangano yaseNingizimu Afrika ingadlulisela irekhodi eliqukethe ulwazi lomuntu siqu ngaphandle kweNingizimu Afrika kuphela uma:

• Izwe elikwamukelayo lihlinzeka ngezinga elanele lokuvikelwa kolwazi; noma
• Umuntu oqoqelwe ulwazi lwakhe uvumile ngokudluliselwa; noma
• Ukudluliselwa kuyadingeka ekufezekiseni isivumelwano; noma
• Ukudluliselwa kuwuzuzo lomuntu oqoqelwe ulwazi lwakhe futhi imvume ayikwazi ukutholwa ngokunengqondo.

INingizimu Afrika yashicilela imithethonqubo ebuyekeziwe yokudluliselwa okuwela imingcele ngo-2025 ehlinzeka ngesiqondiso esihleliwe kakhudlwana mayelana nokuhlolwa kokwanela, ibeka izibopho ezintsha ezinhlanganweni ezithumela njalo amarekhodi noma olunye ulwazi lomuntu siqu kubacutshunguli abaphesheya.

Ukugcinwa Kwamarekhodi Ku-Cloud

Ukugcina amarekhodi ezinsizeni ze-cloud ezingaphandle kweNingizimu Afrika kubangela imikhawulo yokudluliselwa okuwela imingcele ngaphansi kweSigaba 72 sePOPIA. Amabhizinisi alayisha amarekhodi ezingcingo ngokuzenzakalela kumapulatifomu e-cloud aseMelika noma e-EU kumele aqinisekise ukuthi ukudluliselwa kuhlangatshezwana nesinye seziMo zeSigaba 72, ngokuvamile isivumelwano nomhlinzeki we-cloud esifaka izibopho zokuvikelwa kolwazi ezilingana nezePOPIA.

Uhlu Lokuhlola Ukuhambisana Kwamabhizinisi

Izinhlangano ezisebenza eNingizimu Afrika ezirekhodayo noma eziqapha ukuxhumana kufanele zibhekane nalokhu okulandelayo ukuze zihambisane ne-RICA nePOPIA:

• Misa inqubomgomo ebhaliwe yokuqapha ukuxhumana echaza ukuthi yikuphi ukuxhumana okungase kuthintelwe nokuthi ngayiphi inhloso.
• Nikeza bonke abasebenzi nabasebenzisi besistimu isaziso kusengaphambili sokuthi ukuxhumana kuzinhlelo zenkampani kungase kuqashwe, ukuhambisana nesidingo seSigaba 6 se-RICA.
• Faka izigaba zokuqapha ezinkontilekeni zomsebenzi nasezinqubomgomweni zokusetshenziswa okwamukelekile kwe-IT.
• Misa izinhlelo zokugcinwa ezibhaliwe zokuxhumana okurekhodiwe ezihambisana nesimiso sePOPIA somkhawulo wokugcinwa.
• Vikela amarekhodi agciniwe ngezilawuli ezifanele zobuchwepheshe nezenhlangano.
• Qeqesha abasebenzi ngomngcele phakathi kokurekhoda njengengxenye (okuvunyelwe ngaphansi kweSigaba 4) nokuqashwa ngumuntu wesithathu (okwaliwe ngaphandle kwewaranti).
• Bhalisa ne-Information Regulator njengohlangothi olunesibopho ngaphansi kwePOPIA uma ucutshungula ulwazi lomuntu siqu ngezinga elikhulu.
• Yenza uhlolo lomthelela wobumfihlo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezintsha zokurekhoda noma zokuqapha.
• Buyekeza izinhlelo zokugcinwa kwe-cloud ukuhambisana nokudluliselwa okuwela imingcele kweSigaba 72 sePOPIA.
• Buyekeza izinqubomgomo ukuze zibonise izichibiyelo zemithethonqubo yePOPIA zango-Ephreli 2025, ikakhulukazi mayelana nemvume yezingcingo zokukhangisa okuqondile nezinqubo zokuphikisa ezifinyeleleka kalula.