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In Finland defamation is both criminal and civil. Criminal Code Chapter 24 punishes defamation and aggravated defamation; the Tort Liability Act allows damages.
In Estonia ordinary defamation is a civil matter under the Law of Obligations Act, not a crime; only narrow criminal provisions remain.
In Ecuador, calumnia (falsely accusing of a crime) is criminal under COIP art 182; injuria was decriminalized in 2014. Civil damages also apply.
In Denmark defamation is both criminal and civil. Penal Code sections 267 to 270 punish defamation; the Liability for Damages Act allows tort compensation.
In the Czech Republic defamation is both criminal and civil. Criminal Code section 184 punishes defamation; the Civil Code protects honour and reputation.
In Croatia defamation is both criminal and civil. The Criminal Code punishes insult and calumny with fines; civil claims allow damages.
Colombia defamation is civil and criminal: injuria (Art 220) and calumnia (Art 221) are crimes under the Penal Code (Law 599/2000), with prison and fines.
Chile defamation is civil and criminal: calumnia and injuria are Penal Code crimes (Arts 412-431), and victims can also sue for civil damages.
In Bulgaria defamation is both criminal and civil. Criminal Code Articles 146 to 148 punish insult and defamation with fines, not prison.
In Belgium defamation is both criminal and civil. Penal Code arts 443 to 453 punish calomnie and diffamation; Civil Code art 1382 allows damages.
In Austria defamation is both criminal and civil. StGB sections 111, 115 and 297 create the offences; ABGB 1330 and the Media Act allow damages.
Argentina defamation is civil and criminal, but since Law 26.551 (2009) calumnia and injurias carry fines only, never prison, not for public matters.