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¿Es Ilegal Grabar en Video a Alguien Sin su Consentimiento? (2026)

¿Es Ilegal Grabar en Video a Alguien Sin su Consentimiento? (2026)

Preguntas frecuentes

¿Es ilegal grabar en video a alguien sin su consentimiento en público?

Generalmente no. Las personas en espacios públicos no tienen una expectativa razonable de privacidad objetivamente válida bajo el marco Katz. Grabar desde un lugar público es legal en los 50 estados. La excepción es la grabación tipo upskirt o downblouse, que es ilegal incluso en público bajo el 18 U.S.C. § 1801 en propiedad federal y bajo los estatutos estatales de voyeurismo en todos los demás lugares.

¿Grabar en video sin consentimiento viola las leyes de intervención de comunicaciones?

Solo si la grabación captura audio. El video silencioso no está cubierto por la Ley Federal de Intervención de Comunicaciones (18 U.S.C. § 2510) ni por los estatutos estatales de intervención de comunicaciones. Una vez que se agrega audio, aplican las reglas estatales de consentimiento a esa pista de audio. En 38 estados más el Distrito de Columbia (consentimiento de una sola parte), su propia participación generalmente es suficiente, aunque Nevada exige el consentimiento de todas las partes para grabar una llamada telefónica (NRS 200.620). En los 12 estados de consentimiento de todas las partes, todas las personas cuya voz se grabe deben dar su consentimiento.

¿Qué estados exigen el consentimiento de todos para grabar audio?

Doce estados aplican una regla de consentimiento de todas las partes para el audio: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Montana, Nuevo Hampshire, Oregón, Pensilvania y Washington. Los otros 38 estados y el Distrito de Columbia siguen el estándar federal de consentimiento de una sola parte. Michigan se clasifica erróneamente con frecuencia como de todas las partes, pero sus tribunales interpretan una excepción de participante dentro del estatuto de intervención de escuchas (MCL 750.539a), por lo que en la práctica funciona como un estado de una sola parte. Dos entradas llevan matices. Connecticut es de todas las partes únicamente para las llamadas telefónicas, y solo bajo el estatuto civil Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-570d; sus definiciones penales de intervención de escuchas son de una sola parte y solo alcanzan a quien graba sin ser parte de la conversación o sin estar presente (Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-187(a)(1), (2)). Nevada se ubica en la columna de una sola parte, pero exige el consentimiento de todas las partes antes de que se pueda grabar una llamada telefónica (NRS 200.620, según se interpretó en Lane v. Allstate Ins. Co., 114 Nev. 1176 (1998)), mientras que las conversaciones en persona siguen siendo de una sola parte bajo la NRS 200.650.

¿Puedo demandar a alguien por grabarme en video sin consentimiento?

Sí, en la mayoría de los estados. El agravio de intrusión en la privacidad (Restatement § 652B) le permite demandar por daños sin necesidad de probar que el material fue publicado o compartido. Si la grabación se hizo en un espacio privado, los tribunales a menudo otorgan daños reales, incluida la angustia emocional, y a veces daños punitivos. El proceso penal bajo los estatutos estatales de voyeurismo también puede ocurrir simultáneamente.

¿Es ilegal poner una cámara oculta en un baño?

Sí, en todas las jurisdicciones. Los baños, vestidores, probadores y espacios privados similares están protegidos bajo los estatutos estatales de voyeurismo en los 50 estados. La ley federal (18 U.S.C. § 1801) cubre la misma conducta en propiedad federal. La mayoría de las infracciones estatales son delitos menores o delitos graves según el estado y si la víctima es menor de edad.

¿Pueden los empleadores grabar en video a los empleados en el trabajo?

Los empleadores generalmente pueden grabar espacios de trabajo abiertos y áreas comunes donde no existe una expectativa razonable de privacidad. No pueden colocar cámaras en baños, vestidores o áreas de cambio. Las políticas de no grabar del empleador deben satisfacer la prueba de equilibrio Stericycle (2023) de la NLRB para evitar desalentar de forma ilegal el ejercicio de los derechos de la Sección 7 de los empleados bajo la Ley Nacional de Relaciones Laborales.

¿Son legales las cámaras de timbre Ring?

Sí, cuando están orientadas hacia espacios públicos como aceras, entradas de vehículos y calles. Pueden ser ilegales si se orientan deliberadamente para capturar la ventana del dormitorio de un vecino, un patio trasero cerrado u otro espacio donde el vecino tiene una expectativa razonable de privacidad. La FTC distribuyó $5.6 millones a aproximadamente 117,044 clientes de Ring en abril de 2024 tras resolver reclamos de que Ring permitía el acceso no autorizado de empleados al material privado.

¿Es ilegal la grabación en video con drones sin consentimiento?

Depende del estado y de lo que se esté grabando. La regla de Identificación Remota de la FAA (en vigor desde el 16 de marzo de 2024, bajo 14 C.F.R. Parte 89) exige que todo dron que deba registrarse, es decir, todo dron de 250 gramos o más y todo dron que se opere bajo la Parte 107, transmita su identificación, ubicación y altitud, pero no dice nada sobre privacidad. Los drones recreativos de menos de 250 gramos y los vuelos dentro de un Área de Identificación Reconocida por la FAA están exceptuados. La ley estatal rige la privacidad. Al menos 44 estados tienen estatutos de privacidad para drones; Florida, California, Idaho y Wisconsin restringen explícitamente grabar a personas o propiedad privada sin consentimiento.

¿FERPA impide la grabación en video en las escuelas?

FERPA (20 U.S.C. § 1232g) restringe cómo manejan las escuelas los videos que califican como registros educativos: directamente relacionados con un estudiante identificable y mantenidos por la escuela. Las escuelas no pueden divulgar esos videos sin el consentimiento de los padres. Los padres que graban en eventos escolares públicos no están sujetos a FERPA ellos mismos, pero siguen sujetos a las leyes estatales de intervención de comunicaciones y voyeurismo.

¿Es ilegal grabar en video a alguien en su casa a través de una ventana?

Sí. Las viviendas son espacios privados por excelencia bajo Katz. Grabar a alguien a través de su ventana sin consentimiento viola los estatutos estatales de voyeurismo (penal) y constituye intrusión en la privacidad (civil). El uso de un dron, un lente telefoto u otra tecnología remota no cambia el análisis: lo que importa es si el sujeto tenía una expectativa razonable de privacidad en el espacio que se estaba grabando.

¿Se puede grabar en video una conversación sin consentimiento?

Grabar visualmente una conversación (sin audio) en un lugar público generalmente es legal en los 50 estados. Si la grabación también captura audio, aplican las reglas de consentimiento de intervención de comunicaciones a ese audio. En los estados de consentimiento de una sola parte, su propia participación es suficiente. En California, Florida, Illinois y los demás estados de consentimiento de todas las partes, todas las personas cuya voz se capture deben dar su consentimiento para la porción de audio.

Actualizaciones

Ley aplicable revisada en busca de cambios recientes

Verificado de forma independiente contra las fuentes primarias citadas

Se corrigieron los conteos de estados según su regla de consentimiento de audio: 38 estados más el Distrito de Columbia siguen el consentimiento de una sola parte y 12 estados exigen el consentimiento de todas las partes (California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Montana, Nuevo Hampshire, Oregón, Pensilvania, Washington). Michigan aparecía antes como estado de todas las partes y ahora se describe correctamente como de una sola parte en la práctica, porque sus tribunales interpretan una excepción de participante dentro del estatuto estatal de intervención de escuchas. Se agregaron las dos salvedades que las categorías de una sola parte y de todas las partes ocultan: Nevada exige el consentimiento de todas las partes antes de que se pueda grabar una llamada telefónica (NRS 200.620, según se interpretó en Lane v. Allstate Ins. Co. (1998)), aunque las conversaciones en persona allí son de una sola parte bajo la NRS 200.650, y Connecticut es de todas las partes únicamente para las llamadas telefónicas bajo el estatuto civil Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-570d, ya que sus definiciones penales de intervención de escuchas son de una sola parte. Se corrigieron tres afirmaciones sobre penas conforme a los estatutos: en Illinois, grabar en un baño, vestidor, probador, salón de bronceado, habitación de hotel o residencia es un delito grave de Clase 4 y no un delito menor fuera de las residencias, y un delito grave de Clase 3 cuando la víctima es menor de 18 años o el infractor es un delincuente sexual registrado (720 ILCS 5/26-4); en California, una reincidencia o una víctima menor de edad eleva el tope de la multa pero no convierte la infracción en un delito grave (Cal. Penal Code § 647(k)); y en Nueva York, el grado superior de Clase D depende de una condena previa por vigilancia ilegal dentro de un período de diez años, no de que la víctima sea menor de edad (N.Y. Penal Law § 250.50). Se acotó la descripción de la regla de Identificación Remota de la FAA a los drones que realmente cubre, es decir, los que deben registrarse, y se señalaron las excepciones para drones recreativos de menos de 250 gramos y para los vuelos dentro de un Área de Identificación Reconocida por la FAA.

Full rewrite from 847-word stub. New three-layer framework: federal Video Voyeurism Prevention Act (18 U.S.C. § 1801) + state voyeurism statutes (CA § 647(j), FL § 810.145, NY §§ 250.45/250.50, TX § 21.15, IL § 26-4, MCL 750.539j, MN § 609.746, VA § 18.2-386.1, ORS 163.700) + civil intrusion-upon-seclusion torts (Restatement § 652B/C/D). Added drone overlay (FAA Remote ID, 14 C.F.R. Part 89), school FERPA rule (Letter to Wachter, USDOE), HIPAA/medical-facility rule (45 C.F.R. § 164.502), FTC v. Ring (2023 settlement, $5.8M), audio-overlay distinguishing video-only from audio-bearing recording, plus 10-pair FAQ with verified statutory anchors. Replaced banlist URLs (vlex.com → null reporter cite, claimsjournal.com → ftc.gov primary).

Reescritura completa desde un texto de 847 palabras. Se reemplazó el enfoque de una sola capa de intervención de comunicaciones con un análisis de tres capas (consentimiento de intervención de comunicaciones, estatutos de voyeurismo, agravios civiles). Se agregaron 12 estatutos estatales de voyeurismo verificados, 4 agravios de privacidad del Restatement (intrusión en la privacidad, divulgación pública, presentación falsa, apropiación), leyes de drones (mandato de Identificación Remota de la FAA de marzo de 2024 más el conteo de estatutos de 44 estados), acuerdo de la FTC con Ring/cámaras de timbre (distribución de reembolsos de abril de 2024), contexto de los lentes inteligentes Meta Ray-Ban, cámaras corporales, contexto escolar de FERPA, y contexto de atención médica de HIPAA. Tabla de referencia rápida por estado con enlaces internos a las páginas de voyeurismo. Se agregó tabla comparativa de penas. Las preguntas frecuentes se ampliaron de 6 a 10.

La ley detrás de este artículo

Este artículo se apoya en 24 disposiciones legales conservadas en nuestro propio registro jurídico, cada una obtenida de la fuente oficial. Toque una sección para leer el texto vigente.

California Penal Code

§ 632Vigentecitada en 38 de nuestros artículos
(a) A person who, intentionally and without the consent of all parties to a confidential communication, uses an electronic amplifying or recording device to eavesdrop upon or record the confidential communication, whether the communication is carried on among the parties in the presence of one another or by means of a telegraph, telephone, or other device, except a radio, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500) per violation, or imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or in the state prison, or by both that fine and imprisonment. If the person has previously been convicted of a violation of this section or Section 631, 632.5, 632.6, 632.7, or 636, the person shall be punished by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000) per violation, by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or in the state prison, or by both that fine and imprisonment.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-08-13 · Lea la sección completa en leginfo.legislature.ca.gov

Citada en 267 opiniones judiciales1910s: 11920s: 01930s: 01940s: 01950s: 01960s: 21970s: 121980s: 161990s: 242000s: 282010s: 822020s: 102Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2026

Casos destacados: Rubin v. Green (California Supreme Court 1993, 4 Cal. 4th 1187) · Kimmel v. Goland (California Supreme Court 1990, 51 Cal. 3d 202) · Shulman v. Group W Productions, Inc. (California Supreme Court 1998, 74 Cal. Rptr. 2d 843)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

§ 637.2Vigentecitada en 19 de nuestros artículos
(a) Any person who has been injured by a violation of this chapter may bring an action against the person who committed the violation for the greater of the following amounts: (1) Five thousand dollars ($5,000) per violation. (2) Three times the amount of actual damages, if any, sustained by the plaintiff. (b) Any person may, in accordance with Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 525) of Title 7 of Part 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure, bring an action to enjoin and restrain any violation of this chapter, and may in the same action seek damages as provided by subdivision (a). (c) It is not a necessary prerequisite to an action pursuant to this section that the plaintiff has suffered, or be threatened with, actual damages. (d) This section shall not be construed to affect Title 4 (commencing with Section 3425.1) of Part 1 of Division 4 of the Civil Code.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-28 · Lea la sección completa en leginfo.legislature.ca.gov

Citada en 103 opiniones judiciales1970s: 41980s: 51990s: 82000s: 142010s: 392020s: 33Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2026

Casos destacados: Rubin v. Green (California Supreme Court 1993, 4 Cal. 4th 1187) · Ribas v. Clark (California Supreme Court 1985, 38 Cal. 3d 355) · Kimmel v. Goland (California Supreme Court 1990, 51 Cal. 3d 202)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

§ 647Vigentecitada en 15 de nuestros artículos
Except as provided in paragraph (5) of subdivision (b) and in subdivisions (k) and (l), a person who commits any of the following acts is guilty of disorderly conduct, a misdemeanor: (a) An individual who solicits anyone to engage in or who engages in lewd or dissolute conduct in a public place or in a place open to the public or exposed to public view. (b) (1) An individual who solicits, or who agrees to engage in, or who engages in, an act of prostitution with the intent to receive compensation, money, or anything of value from another person. An individual agrees to engage in an act of prostitution when, with specific intent to so engage, the individual manifests an acceptance of an offer or solicitation by another person to so engage, regardless of whether the offer or solicitation was made by a person who also possessed the specific intent to engage in an act of prostitution. (2) An individual who solicits, or who agrees to engage in, or who engages in, an act of prostitution with another person who is 18 years of age or older in exchange for the individual providing compensation, money, or anything of value to the other person.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-28 · Lea la sección completa en leginfo.legislature.ca.gov

Citada en 593 opiniones judiciales1900s: 31910s: 11920s: 11930s: 31940s: 01950s: 161960s: 591970s: 1331980s: 931990s: 542000s: 582010s: 1002020s: 72Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2026

Casos destacados: Morrison v. State Board of Education (California Supreme Court 1969, 1 Cal. 3d 214) · People v. Laiwa (California Supreme Court 1983, 34 Cal. 3d 711) · In Re Cregler (California Supreme Court 1961, 56 Cal. 2d 308)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

Connecticut General Statutes, Title 52 (Civil Actions), Chapter 925

§ 52-570dAction for illegal recording of private telephonic communications.Vigentecitada en 19 de nuestros artículos
(a) No person shall use any instrument, device or equipment to record an oral private telephonic communication unless the use of such instrument, device or equipment (1) is preceded by consent of all parties to the communication and such prior consent either is obtained in writing or is part of, and obtained at the start of, the recording, or (2) is preceded by verbal notification which is recorded at the beginning and is part of the communication by the recording party, or (3) is accompanied by an automatic tone warning device which automatically produces a distinct signal that is repeated at intervals of approximately fifteen seconds during the communication while such instrument, device or equipment is in use.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-29 · Lea la sección completa en cga.ct.gov

Citada en 22 opiniones judiciales1990s: 112000s: 52010s: 42020s: 2Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2024

Casos destacados: Holler v. Buckley Broadcasting Corp. (Connecticut Appellate Court 1998, 47 Conn. App. 764) · Jezouit v. Malloy (Connecticut Appellate Court 2019, 193 Conn. App. 576) · State v. Skok (Supreme Court of Connecticut 2015)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

Connecticut General Statutes, Title 53a (Penal Code), Chapter 952

§ 53a-187Definitions. Applicability.Vigentecitada en 18 de nuestros artículos
(a) The following definitions are applicable to sections 53a-188 and 53a-189: (1) “Wiretapping” means the intentional overhearing or recording of a telephonic or telegraphic communication or a communication made by cellular radio telephone by a person other than a sender or receiver thereof, without the consent of either the sender or receiver, by means of any instrument, device or equipment. The normal operation of a telephone or telegraph corporation and the normal use of the services and facilities furnished by such corporation pursuant to its tariffs shall not be deemed “wiretapping”. (2) “Mechanical overhearing of a conversation” means the intentional overhearing or recording of a conversation or discussion, without the consent of at least one party thereto, by a person not present thereat, by means of any instrument, device or equipment. (3) “Unlawfully” means not specifically authorized by law. For purposes of this section, “cellular radio telephone” means a wireless telephone authorized by the Federal Communications Commission to operate in the frequency bandwidth reserved for cellular radio telephones.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-29 · Lea la sección completa en cga.ct.gov

Citada en 12 opiniones judiciales1970s: 11980s: 21990s: 62000s: 22010s: 02020s: 1Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2021

Casos destacados: State v. Grullon (Supreme Court of Connecticut 1989, 212 Conn. 195) · Washington v. Meachum (Supreme Court of Connecticut 1996, 238 Conn. 692) · State v. McVeigh (Supreme Court of Connecticut 1993, 224 Conn. 593)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

Code of Federal Regulations Title 45

§ 164.502Uses and disclosures of protected health information: General rules.Vigentecitada en 9 de nuestros artículos
(a) Standard. A covered entity or business associate may not use or disclose protected health information, except as permitted or required by this subpart or by subpart C of part 160 of this subchapter. (1) Covered entities: Permitted uses and disclosures. A covered entity is permitted to use or disclose protected health information as follows: (i) To the individual; (ii) For treatment, payment, or health care operations, as permitted by and in compliance with § 164.506; (iii) Incident to a use or disclosure otherwise permitted or required by this subpart, provided that the covered entity has complied with the applicable requirements of §§ 164.502(b), 164.514(d), and 164.530(c) with respect to such otherwise permitted or required use or disclosure; (iv) Except for uses and disclosures prohibited under § 164.502(a)(5)(i), pursuant to and in compliance with a valid authorization under § 164.508; (v) Pursuant to an agreement under, or as otherwise permitted by, § 164.510; and (vi) As permitted by and in compliance with any of the following: (A) This section. (B) Section 164.512 and, where applicable, § 164.509. (C) Section 164.514(e), (f), or (g).

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-28 · Lea la sección completa en ecfr.gov

Citada en 290 opiniones judiciales2000s: 642010s: 922020s: 134Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2026

Casos destacados: Northwestern Memorial Hospital v. John Ashcroft, Attorney General of the United States (Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit 2004, 362 F.3d 923) · Opis Management Resources, LLC v. Secretary, Florida Agency for Health Care Administration (Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit 2013, 713 F.3d 1291) · United States ex rel. Baltazar v. Warden (District Court, N.D. Illinois 2014, 302 F.R.D. 256)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

United States Code Title 18

§ 1801Video voyeurismVigentecitada en 79 de nuestros artículos
Whoever, in the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, has the intent to capture an image of a private area of an individual without their consent, and knowingly does so under circumstances in which the individual has a reasonable expectation of privacy, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. In this section— the term “capture”, with respect to an image, means to videotape, photograph, film, record by any means, or broadcast; the term “broadcast” means to electronically transmit a visual image with the intent that it be viewed by a person or persons; the term “a private area of the individual” means the naked or undergarment clad genitals, pubic area, buttocks, or female breast of that individual; the term “female breast” means any portion of the female breast below the top of the areola; and the term “under circumstances in which that individual has a reasonable expectation of privacy” means— circumstances in which a reasonable person would believe that he or she could disrobe in privacy, without being concerned that an image of a private area of the individual was being captured; or circumstances in which a…

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-28 · Lea la sección completa en uscode.house.gov

Citada en 53 opiniones judiciales1990s: 12000s: 82010s: 252020s: 19Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2026

Casos destacados: United States v. Anthony Helton (Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit 2019, 944 F.3d 198) · United States v. Johnson (District Court, W.D. Missouri 2010, 719 F. Supp. 2d 1059) · Electronic Privacy Information Center v. United States Department of Homeland Security (Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit 2011, 653 F.3d 1)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

§ 2510DefinitionsVigentecitada en 80 de nuestros artículos
As used in this chapter— “wire communication” means any aural transfer made in whole or in part through the use of facilities for the transmission of communications by the aid of wire, cable, or other like connection between the point of origin and the point of reception (including the use of such connection in a switching station) furnished or operated by any person engaged in providing or operating such facilities for the transmission of interstate or foreign communications or communications affecting interstate or foreign commerce; “oral communication” means any oral communication uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that such communication is not subject to interception under circumstances justifying such expectation, but such term does not include any electronic communication; “State” means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any territory or possession of the United States; “intercept” means the aural or other acquisition of the contents of any wire, electronic, or oral communication through the use of any electronic, mechanical, or other device.1  So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-28 · Lea la sección completa en uscode.house.gov

Citada en 2,382 opiniones judiciales1960s: 21970s: 3941980s: 3271990s: 4102000s: 4302010s: 4682020s: 351Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2026

Casos destacados: Forsyth v. Barr (Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 1994, 19 F.3d 1527) · Nixon v. Administrator of General Services (Supreme Court of the United States 1977, 433 U.S. 425) · Gannett Co. v. DePasquale (Supreme Court of the United States 1979, 443 U.S. 368)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

§ 2511Interception and disclosure of wire, oral, or electronic communications prohibitedVigentecitada en 349 de nuestros artículos
Except as otherwise specifically provided in this chapter any person who— intentionally intercepts, endeavors to intercept, or procures any other person to intercept or endeavor to intercept, any wire, oral, or electronic communication; intentionally uses, endeavors to use, or procures any other person to use or endeavor to use any electronic, mechanical, or other device to intercept any oral communication when— such device is affixed to, or otherwise transmits a signal through, a wire, cable, or other like connection used in wire communication; or such device transmits communications by radio, or interferes with the transmission of such communication; or such person knows, or has reason to know, that such device or any component thereof has been sent through the mail or transported in interstate or foreign commerce; or such use or endeavor to use (A) takes place on the premises of any business or other commercial establishment the operations of which affect interstate or foreign commerce; or (B) obtains or is for the purpose of obtaining information relating to the operations of any business or other commercial establishment the operations of which affect interstate or foreign…

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-08-12 · Lea la sección completa en uscode.house.gov

Citada en 2,045 opiniones judiciales1960s: 51970s: 2581980s: 2991990s: 3792000s: 4272010s: 2972020s: 380Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2026

Casos destacados: Mitchell v. Forsyth (Supreme Court of the United States 1985, 472 U.S. 511) · United States v. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (Supreme Court of the United States 1972, 407 U.S. 297) · Forsyth v. Barr (Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 1994, 19 F.3d 1527)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

§ 2520Recovery of civil damages authorizedVigentecitada en 108 de nuestros artículos
Except as provided in section 2511(2)(a)(ii), any person whose wire, oral, or electronic communication is intercepted, disclosed, or intentionally used in violation of this chapter may in a civil action recover from the person or entity, other than the United States, which engaged in that violation such relief as may be appropriate. In an action under this section, appropriate relief includes— such preliminary and other equitable or declaratory relief as may be appropriate; damages under subsection (c) and punitive damages in appropriate cases; and a reasonable attorney’s fee and other litigation costs reasonably incurred.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-28 · Lea la sección completa en uscode.house.gov

Citada en 860 opiniones judiciales1960s: 21970s: 951980s: 1151990s: 1532000s: 1962010s: 1302020s: 169Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2026

Casos destacados: Jessie Walker v. Thomas E. Darby, Hugh L. Robinson, Jr., and Kenneth Day (Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit 1990, 911 F.2d 1573) · Gelbard v. United States (Supreme Court of the United States 1972, 408 U.S. 41) · DirecTV, Inc. v. Hoa Huynh (Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 2007, 503 F.3d 847)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

United States Code Title 20

§ 1232gFamily educational and privacy rightsVigentecitada en 29 de nuestros artículos
No funds shall be made available under any applicable program to any educational agency or institution which has a policy of denying, or which effectively prevents, the parents of students who are or have been in attendance at a school of such agency or at such institution, as the case may be, the right to inspect and review the education records of their children. If any material or document in the education record of a student includes information on more than one student, the parents of one of such students shall have the right to inspect and review only such part of such material or document as relates to such student or to be informed of the specific information contained in such part of such material. Each educational agency or institution shall establish appropriate procedures for the granting of a request by parents for access to the education records of their children within a reasonable period of time, but in no case more than forty-five days after the request has been made.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-28 · Lea la sección completa en uscode.house.gov

Citada en 981 opiniones judiciales1970s: 251980s: 491990s: 1242000s: 2432010s: 2072020s: 333Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2026

Casos destacados: Goss v. Lopez (Supreme Court of the United States 1975, 419 U.S. 565) · Gonzaga University v. Doe (Supreme Court of the United States 2002, 536 U.S. 273) · Foster Children v. Jeb Bush, Kathleen Kearney, Chuck Bates, Robert Williams, Ester Tibbs (Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit 2003, 329 F.3d 1255)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

Florida Statutes

§ 810.145Digital voyeurism.Vigentecitada en 11 de nuestros artículos
(1) As used in this section, the term:(a) “Broadcast” means electronically transmitting a visual image or visual recording with the intent that it be viewed by another person. (b) “Family or household member” has the same meaning as in s. 741.28. (c) “Imaging device” means any mechanical, digital, or electronic viewing device; still camera; camcorder; motion picture camera; or any other instrument, equipment, or format capable of recording, storing, or transmitting visual images of another person. (d) “Position of authority or trust” means a position occupied by a person 18 years of age or older who is a relative, caregiver, coach, employer, or other person who, by reason of his or her relationship with the victim, is able to exercise undue influence over him or her or exploit his or her trust. (e) “Privately exposing the body” means exposing a sexual organ.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-28 · Lea la sección completa en leg.state.fl.us

Citada en 3 opiniones judicialesAplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2024

Casos destacados: Kenneth Isaac Parkerson v. State of Florida (District Court of Appeal of Florida 2015, 163 So. 3d 683) · Clemen v. Surterra Holdings, Inc. (District Court, M.D. Florida 2024) · Keith Taig v. City of Vero Beach (Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit 2023)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

§ 934.03Interception and disclosure of wire, oral, or electronic communications prohibited.Vigentecitada en 43 de nuestros artículos
(1) Except as otherwise specifically provided in this chapter, any person who:(a) Intentionally intercepts, endeavors to intercept, or procures any other person to intercept or endeavor to intercept any wire, oral, or electronic communication; (b) Intentionally uses, endeavors to use, or procures any other person to use or endeavor to use any electronic, mechanical, or other device to intercept any oral communication when:1. Such device is affixed to, or otherwise transmits a signal through, a wire, cable, or other like connection used in wire communication; or 2.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-28 · Lea la sección completa en leg.state.fl.us

Citada en 74 opiniones judiciales1970s: 71980s: 131990s: 122000s: 122010s: 112020s: 19Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2026

Casos destacados: State v. Walls (Supreme Court of Florida 1978, 356 So. 2d 294) · SHARRON TASHA FORD v. CITY OF BOYNTON BEACH (District Court of Appeal of Florida 2021) · State v. Calhoun (Circuit Court for the Judicial Circuits of Florida 1984, 7 Fla. Supp. 2d 3)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

§ 934.50Searches and seizure using a drone.Vigentecitada en 3 de nuestros artículos
(1) SHORT TITLE.—This act may be cited as the “Freedom from Unwarranted Surveillance Act.” (2) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this act, the term:(a) “Drone” means a powered, aerial vehicle that:1. Does not carry a human operator; 2. Uses aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift; 3. Can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely; 4. Can be expendable or recoverable; and 5. Can carry a lethal or nonlethal payload. (b) “Image” means a record of thermal, infrared, ultraviolet, visible light, or other electromagnetic waves; sound waves; odors; or other physical phenomena which captures conditions existing on or about real property or an individual located on that property. (c) “Imaging device” means a mechanical, digital, or electronic viewing device; still camera; camcorder; motion picture camera; or any other instrument, equipment, or format capable of recording, storing, or transmitting an image. (d) “Law enforcement agency” means a lawfully established state or local public agency that is responsible for the prevention and detection of crime, local government code enforcement, and the enforcement of penal, traffic, regulatory, game, or controlled substance laws.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-28 · Lea la sección completa en leg.state.fl.us

Citada en 1 opiniones judicialesAplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2022

Casos destacados: CHARLES LEE ROSALY v. VERONIKA KONECNY (District Court of Appeal of Florida 2022)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

Michigan Compiled Laws

§ 750.539aDefinitionsVigentecitada en 29 de nuestros artículos
As used in sections 539a to 539i: (1) "Private place" means a place where one may reasonably expect to be safe from casual or hostile intrusion or surveillance but does not include a place to which the public or substantial group of the public has access. (2) "Eavesdrop" or "eavesdropping" means to overhear, record, amplify or transmit any part of the private discourse of others without the permission of all persons engaged in the discourse. Neither this definition or any other provision of this act shall modify or affect any law or regulation concerning interception, divulgence or recording of messages transmitted by communications common carriers. (3) "Surveillance" means to secretly observe the activities of another person for the purpose of spying upon and invading the privacy of the person observed. (4) "Person" means any individual, partnership, corporation or association.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-30 · Lea la sección completa en legislature.mi.gov

Citada en 26 opiniones judiciales1970s: 21980s: 41990s: 42000s: 22010s: 62020s: 8Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2026

Casos destacados: Lewis v. LeGrow (Michigan Court of Appeals 2003, 258 Mich. App. 175) · People v. Stone (Michigan Supreme Court 2001, 463 Mich. 558) · People v. Lucas (Michigan Court of Appeals 1991, 188 Mich. App. 554)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

§ 750.539jSurveillance of or distribution, dissemination, or transmission of recording, photograph, or visual image of individual having reasonable expectation of privacy; prohibited conduct; violation as felony; penalty; exceptions; "surveil" definedVigentecitada en 19 de nuestros artículos
(1) A person shall not do any of the following: (a) Surveil another individual who is clad only in his or her undergarments, the unclad genitalia or buttocks of another individual, or the unclad breasts of a female individual under circumstances in which the individual would have a reasonable expectation of privacy. (b) Photograph, or otherwise capture or record, the visual image of the undergarments worn by another individual, the unclad genitalia or buttocks of another individual, or the unclad breasts of a female individual under circumstances in which the individual would have a reasonable expectation of privacy. (c) Distribute, disseminate, or transmit for access by any other person a recording, photograph, or visual image the person knows or has reason to know was obtained in violation of this section. (2) A person who violates or attempts to violate this section is guilty of a crime as follows: (a) For a violation or attempted violation of subsection (1)(a): (i) Except as provided in subparagraph (ii), the person is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 2 years or a fine of not more than $2,000.00, or both.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-30 · Lea la sección completa en legislature.mi.gov

Citada en 17 opiniones judiciales2010s: 62020s: 11Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2026

Casos destacados: In Re L-S Morehead Minor (Michigan Court of Appeals 2026) · In Re K N Klemkow Minor (Michigan Court of Appeals 2024) · People of Michigan v. Cora Ladane Lymon (Michigan Supreme Court 2024)

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Minnesota Statutes, Chapter 609: CRIMINAL CODE

§ 609.746INTERFERENCE WITH PRIVACYVigentecitada en 15 de nuestros artículos
Subdivision 1. Surreptitious intrusion; observation device. (a) A person is guilty of a gross misdemeanor who: (1) enters upon another's property; (2) surreptitiously gazes, stares, or peeps in the window or any other aperture of a house or place of dwelling of another; and (3) does so with intent to intrude upon or interfere with the privacy of a member of the household. (b) A person is guilty of a gross misdemeanor who: (1) enters upon another's property; (2) surreptitiously installs or uses any device for observing, photographing, recording, amplifying, or broadcasting sounds or events through the window or any other aperture of a house or place of dwelling of another; and (3) does so with intent to intrude upon or interfere with the privacy of a member of the household.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-29 · Lea la sección completa en revisor.mn.gov

Citada en 15 opiniones judiciales1980s: 11990s: 22000s: 82010s: 22020s: 2Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2026

Casos destacados: State v. Pakhnyuk (Supreme Court of Minnesota 2019, 926 N.W.2d 914) · State v. Ulmer (Court of Appeals of Minnesota 2006, 719 N.W.2d 213) · State v. Morris (Court of Appeals of Minnesota 2002, 644 N.W.2d 114)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

New York Penal Law

§ 250.45Unlawful surveillance in the second degreeVigentecitada en 18 de nuestros artículos
Unlawful surveillance in the second degree. A person is guilty of unlawful surveillance in the second degree when: 1. For his or her own, or another person's amusement, entertainment, or profit, or for the purpose of degrading or abusing a person, he or she intentionally uses or installs, or permits the utilization or installation of an imaging device to surreptitiously view, broadcast or record a person dressing or undressing or the sexual or other intimate parts of such person at a place and time when such person has a reasonable expectation of privacy, without such person's knowledge or consent; or 2. For his or her own, or another person's sexual arousal or sexual gratification, he or she intentionally uses or installs, or permits the utilization or installation of an imaging device to surreptitiously view, broadcast or record a person dressing or undressing or the sexual or other intimate parts of such person at a place and time when such person has a reasonable expectation of privacy, without such person's knowledge or consent; or 3.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-29 · Lea la sección completa en legislation.nysenate.gov

Citada en 51 opiniones judiciales2000s: 82010s: 242020s: 19Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2025

Casos destacados: People v. Evans (Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York 2006, 27 A.D.3d 905) · People v. Lema (Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York 2017, 152 A.D.3d 440) · People v. Piznarski (Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York 2013, 113 A.D.3d 166)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

§ 250.50Unlawful surveillance in the first degreeVigentecitada en 6 de nuestros artículos
Unlawful surveillance in the first degree. A person is guilty of unlawful surveillance in the first degree when he or she commits the crime of unlawful surveillance in the second degree and has been previously convicted within the past ten years of unlawful surveillance in the first or second degree. Unlawful surveillance in the first degree is a class D felony.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-29 · Lea la sección completa en legislation.nysenate.gov

Citada en 3 opiniones judicialesAplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2018

Casos destacados: People v. Diaz (New York Court of Appeals 2018, 32 N.Y.3d 538) · People v. Williams (Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York 2005, 20 A.D.3d 72) · People v. Morriale (Criminal Court of the City of New York 2008, 20 Misc. 3d 558)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

Texas Penal Code

§ 21.15INVASIVE VISUAL RECORDINGVigentecitada en 12 de nuestros artículos
(a) In this section: (1) "Female breast" means any portion of the female breast below the top of the areola. (2) "Intimate area" means the naked or clothed genitals, pubic area, anus, buttocks, or female breast of a person. (3) "Changing room" means a room or portioned area provided for or primarily used for the changing of clothing and includes dressing rooms, locker rooms, and swimwear changing areas. (3-a) "Place in which a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy" means a place in which a reasonable person would believe that the person could disrobe in privacy, without being concerned that the act of undressing would be photographed or visually recorded by another or that a visual image of the person undressing would be broadcasted or transmitted by another. The term includes a bathroom, bedroom, and changing room. (4) "Promote" has the meaning assigned by Section 43.21.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-28 · Lea la sección completa en statutes.capitol.texas.gov

Citada en 44 opiniones judiciales2000s: 52010s: 282020s: 11Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2025

Casos destacados: Ex Parte Nyabwa (Texas Court of Appeals, 14th District (Houston) 2011, 366 S.W.3d 719) · Ex parte Shay (Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas 2016, 507 S.W.3d 731) · Ex Parte Kamilah a Hamilton (Texas Court of Appeals, 14th District (Houston) 2020)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

Code of Virginia, Title 18.2: Crimes and Offenses Generally

§ 18.2-386.1Unlawful creation of image of another; penaltyVigentecitada en 16 de nuestros artículos
A. It is unlawful for any person to knowingly and intentionally create any videographic or still image by any means whatsoever of any nonconsenting person if (i) that person is (a) totally nude; (b) clad in undergarments; (c) in a state of undress so as to expose the genitals, pubic area, buttocks, or female breast; or (d) not exposed to show the genitals, pubic area, buttocks, or female breast but such videographic or still image is obscene, as defined in § 18.2-372, when such nonconsenting person is in a restroom, dressing room, locker room, hotel room, motel room, tanning bed, tanning booth, bedroom, or other location; or (ii) the videographic or still image is created by placing the lens or image-gathering component of the recording device in a position directly beneath or between a person's legs for the purpose of capturing an image of the person's intimate parts or undergarments covering those intimate parts when the intimate parts or undergarments would not otherwise be visible to the general public; and when the circumstances set forth in clause (i) or (ii) are otherwise such that the person being recorded would have a reasonable expectation of privacy. B.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-29 · Lea la sección completa en law.lis.virginia.gov

Code of Virginia, Title 19.2: Criminal Procedure

§ 19.2-62Interception, disclosure, etc., of wire, electronic or oral communications unlawful; penalties; exceptionsVigentecitada en 21 de nuestros artículos
A. Except as otherwise specifically provided in this chapter any person who: 1. Intentionally intercepts, endeavors to intercept or procures any other person to intercept or endeavor to intercept, any wire, electronic or oral communication; 2. Intentionally uses, endeavors to use, or procures any other person to use or endeavor to use any electronic, mechanical or other device to intercept any oral communication; 3. Intentionally discloses, or endeavors to disclose, to any other person the contents of any wire, electronic or oral communication knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained through the interception of a wire, electronic or oral communication; or 4. Intentionally uses, or endeavors to use, the contents of any wire, electronic or oral communication, knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained through the interception of a wire, electronic or oral communication; shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony. B. 1.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-29 · Lea la sección completa en law.lis.virginia.gov

Citada en 11 opiniones judiciales1970s: 11980s: 11990s: 22000s: 42010s: 02020s: 3Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2025

Casos destacados: Belmer v. Commonwealth (Court of Appeals of Virginia 2001, 36 Va. App. 448) · Wilks v. Commonwealth (Supreme Court of Virginia 1977, 217 Va. 885) · Bartnicki v. Vopper (Supreme Court of the United States 2001, 532 U.S. 514)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

Revised Code of Washington

§ 9.73.030Intercepting, recording, or divulging private communication—Consent required—Exceptions.Vigentecitada en 39 de nuestros artículos
(1) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, it shall be unlawful for any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or the state of Washington, its agencies, and political subdivisions to intercept, or record any: (a) Private communication transmitted by telephone, telegraph, radio, or other device between two or more individuals between points within or without the state by any device electronic or otherwise designed to record and/or transmit said communication regardless how such device is powered or actuated, without first obtaining the consent of all the participants in the communication; (b) Private conversation, by any device electronic or otherwise designed to record or transmit such conversation regardless how the device is powered or actuated without first obtaining the consent of all the persons engaged in the conversation.

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-29 · Lea la sección completa en app.leg.wa.gov

Citada en 221 opiniones judiciales1970s: 151980s: 141990s: 392000s: 302010s: 632020s: 60Aplicada por un tribunal por última vez: 2026

Casos destacados: State v. Salinas (Washington Supreme Court 1992, 119 Wash. 2d 192) · State v. Gunwall (Washington Supreme Court 1986, 106 Wash. 2d 54) · State v. Brown (Washington Supreme Court 1997, 132 Wash. 2d 529)

Identificado automáticamente a partir de las opiniones judiciales que citan esta sección; no es un ranking de qué caso prevalece.

Wisconsin Statutes, Chapter 942: Crimes Against Reputation, Privacy And Civil Liberties

§ 942.10Use of a drone.Vigentecitada en 5 de nuestros artículos
Whoever uses a drone, as defined in s. 175.55 (1) (a), with the intent to photograph, record, or otherwise observe another individual in a place or location where the individual has a reasonable expectation of privacy is guilty of Class A misdemeanor. This section does not apply to a law enforcement officer authorized to use a drone pursuant to s. 175.55 (2).

Texto oficial (extracto) · al 2026-07-29 · Lea la sección completa en docs.legis.wisconsin.gov

Busque en nuestro registro completo de la ley de EE. UU.: 2.1 millones de secciones, todos los estados y la ley federal

Fuentes y referencias

  1. 18 U.S.C. § 1801 (Ley de Prevención del Voyeurismo en Video de 2004)(law.cornell.edu)
  2. 18 U.S.C. § 1801(b)(3) (definición de 'área privada')(law.cornell.edu)
  3. 18 U.S.C. § 2510 (definiciones de la Ley Federal de Intervención de Comunicaciones)(law.cornell.edu)
  4. 18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(d) (excepción de consentimiento de una sola parte)(law.cornell.edu)
  5. 18 U.S.C. § 2520 (remedios civiles por violaciones federales de intervención de comunicaciones)(law.cornell.edu)
  6. Cal. Penal Code § 647(j), (k) (estatuto de voyeurismo de California y sus disposiciones de pena)(leginfo.legislature.ca.gov).gov
  7. Cal. Penal Code § 632 (consentimiento de audio de todas las partes en California)(leginfo.legislature.ca.gov).gov
  8. Cal. Penal Code § 637.2 (daños civiles por violaciones de intervención de comunicaciones en California)(leginfo.legislature.ca.gov).gov
  9. Fla. Stat. § 810.145 (Ley de Voyeurismo Digital de Florida)(leg.state.fl.us).gov
  10. Fla. Stat. § 934.03 (consentimiento de audio de todas las partes en Florida)(leg.state.fl.us).gov
  11. N.Y. Penal Law § 250.45 (vigilancia ilegal de Nueva York en segundo grado)(nysenate.gov).gov
  12. N.Y. Penal Law § 250.50 (vigilancia ilegal en primer grado; condena previa dentro de diez años)(nysenate.gov).gov
  13. Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-187(a)(1), (2) (definiciones de Connecticut de intervención de comunicaciones y escucha mecánica de una conversación)(cga.ct.gov).gov
  14. Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-570d (acción civil de Connecticut por grabación ilegal de comunicaciones telefónicas privadas)(cga.ct.gov).gov
  15. NRS 200.620, 200.650, 200.690 (Nevada: interceptación de comunicaciones alámbricas, intrusión mediante dispositivo de escucha, y penas)(leg.state.nv.us).gov
  16. Tex. Penal Code § 21.15 (grabación visual invasiva de Texas)(statutes.capitol.texas.gov).gov
  17. 720 ILCS 5/26-4 (grabación de video no autorizada en Illinois)(ilga.gov).gov
  18. 720 ILCS 5/14-2 (consentimiento de audio de todas las partes en Illinois)(ilga.gov).gov
  19. MCL 750.539a (definición de Michigan de 'eavesdrop'; base de la excepción de participante)(legislature.mi.gov).gov
  20. MCL 750.539j (estatuto de voyeurismo de Michigan)(legislature.mi.gov).gov
  21. Minn. Stat. § 609.746 (interferencia con la privacidad en Minnesota)(revisor.mn.gov).gov
  22. Va. Code § 18.2-386.1 (creación ilegal de imagen de otra persona en Virginia)(law.lis.virginia.gov).gov
  23. ORS 163.700, 163.701 (invasión de la privacidad personal en Oregón)(oregonlegislature.gov).gov
  24. Wash. Rev. Code § 9.73.030 (consentimiento de audio de todas las partes en Washington)(app.leg.wa.gov).gov
  25. 20 U.S.C. § 1232g; 34 C.F.R. Parte 99 (FERPA y registros de video escolares)(studentprivacy.ed.gov).gov
  26. 45 C.F.R. § 164.502 (Regla de Privacidad de HIPAA)(hhs.gov).gov
  27. 14 C.F.R. Parte 89 (Regla de Identificación Remota de la FAA)(faa.gov).gov
  28. FAA, fin de la política de aplicación discrecional para la Identificación Remota de drones (vigente desde el 16 de marzo de 2024)(faa.gov).gov
  29. FAA, Cómo Registrar su Dron (registro obligatorio salvo drones de menos de 250 gramos operados bajo la excepción recreativa)(faa.gov).gov
  30. 14 C.F.R. § 89.305 (elementos mínimos del mensaje de Identificación Remota, incluida la altitud geométrica)(govinfo.gov).gov
  31. Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)(law.cornell.edu)
  32. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652B (intrusión en la privacidad)(cyber.harvard.edu)
  33. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652D (divulgación pública de hechos privados)(cyber.harvard.edu)
  34. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652C (apropiación de nombre o imagen)(cyber.harvard.edu)
  35. Hamberger v. Eastman, 106 N.H. 107, 206 A.2d 239 (N.H. 1964)(cyber.harvard.edu)
  36. Shulman v. Group W Productions, Inc., 18 Cal. 4th 200, 955 P.2d 469 (Cal. 1998)(scocal.stanford.edu)
  37. FTC v. Ring LLC, Expediente de la FTC N.° 192 3130 (acuerdo de 2023)(ftc.gov).gov
  38. FTC, reembolsos a clientes de Ring derivados del acuerdo de 2023 ($5.6 millones, abril de 2024)(ftc.gov).gov
  39. TAKE IT DOWN Act, Ley Pública 119-12 (firmada el 19 de mayo de 2025)(congress.gov).gov
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