Virginia
Virginia Landlord-Tenant Laws (2026): Deposits, Notice, and Tenant Rights
Virginia caps security deposits at 2 months' rent and requires landlords to return them within 45 days of the tenancy ending. Entry for routine maintenance requires 72 hours of advance notice; showings require 24 hours. The Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (VRLTA) governs most residential rentals statewide.
Security deposits in Virginia
Under the Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act, a landlord may not collect a security deposit exceeding 2 months' rent. This hard cap applies regardless of credit history, pet ownership, or any other factor. Pet deposits are treated as part of this overall security-deposit limit, not as a separate category, so the combined total cannot exceed 2 months.
Once the tenancy ends and the tenant vacates, the landlord has 45 days to return the deposit along with an itemized written list of any deductions. Permissible deductions include unpaid rent, damages beyond normal wear and tear, and reasonable cleaning costs if the lease required the tenant to leave the unit in a specified condition. Virginia law does not require landlords to hold deposits in a segregated escrow account or pay interest, but the 45-day return deadline is firm.
| Rule | Virginia (VRLTA) |
|---|---|
| Security deposit cap | 2 months' rent |
| Return deadline | 45 days after vacating |
| Interest required | No |
| Itemized statement required | Yes, within 45 days |
If a landlord fails to return the deposit within 45 days or fails to provide the required itemization, the tenant may recover the full deposit plus damages. The tenant's small claims court limit in Virginia is $5,000, which covers most deposit disputes.
When can a landlord enter? Notice rules
Virginia draws a clear line between two types of landlord entry, each with its own notice requirement. For routine maintenance, inspections, or non-emergency repairs, the landlord must give the tenant at least 72 hours of advance written notice. For showing the unit to prospective tenants or buyers, a shorter 24-hour notice applies. Both types of entry must occur at a reasonable time, typically normal business hours, unless the tenant agrees to a different schedule.
Emergency entry is the exception to both notice requirements. A landlord may enter immediately and without notice when there is a genuine emergency that threatens the property or the health and safety of its occupants, such as a fire, flooding, or a gas leak. In all non-emergency situations, entry without proper notice is a violation of VRLTA and may give the tenant grounds for a claim against the landlord. Tenants should document any entry that occurs without the required advance notice.
Ending a lease: notice to vacate
Virginia month-to-month tenancies can be terminated by either party with at least 30 days written notice before the next rent due date. If rent is due on the first of the month, a notice delivered on April 10 would give notice through May 31, with the tenancy ending June 1. The notice does not need to land exactly 30 days before the rent date; it simply must give at least 30 days before the date the tenancy is to end, timed to align with the rent cycle.
These rules apply to no-cause terminations. For nonpayment of rent or other for-cause evictions under VRLTA, a landlord must follow specific statutory steps, including the written pay-or-quit notice for nonpayment under Va. Code 55.1-1245. Effective July 1, 2026, House Bill 15 and Senate Bill 48 (2026) extend that pay-or-quit notice from 5 days to 14 days; the prior 5-day notice applied to nonpayment notices served before July 1, 2026. See Virginia eviction notice rules for the full process, or visit the eviction notice hub for a general overview.
Tenants who vacate without giving proper 30-day notice may be held responsible for rent through the notice period. Both parties should ensure any notice to vacate is in writing and that delivery is documented.
Repairs and the warranty of habitability
The VRLTA imposes a warranty of habitability under 55.1-1220. Landlords must maintain rental units in a condition that is safe, sanitary, and fit for habitation throughout the tenancy. This includes keeping structural components, heating, plumbing, electrical systems, and common areas in good repair. A landlord who receives written notice of a habitability defect must act within a reasonable time, or within the specific timelines in the lease or by statute for certain emergencies.
Virginia tenants have a limited repair-and-deduct remedy under 55.1-1244. After providing written notice to the landlord and waiting the required time for the landlord to act, a tenant may arrange for remediation of fire or life-safety conditions and deduct the cost from rent. The deduction is capped at the greater of $1,500 or one month's rent. This remedy applies to fire and life-safety hazards specifically; it is not a general repair-cost offset for any maintenance complaint.
For broader habitability failures, tenants may also deposit rent with a court (escrow) while a repair dispute is pending, or seek termination of the tenancy for material noncompliance. Virginia Legal Aid or a local tenant-rights clinic can help document the notice and waiting-period requirements that must be met before using these remedies.
Rent, late fees, and rent control
Virginia caps late fees at 10% of the periodic rent. On a monthly tenancy, if rent is $1,500 per month, the maximum late fee is $150. The VRLTA also provides a mandatory 5-day grace period: a landlord may not assess a late fee until at least 5 days after rent was due. Lease provisions that impose higher late fees or that cut the grace period shorter than 5 days are unenforceable.
Virginia law does not regulate rent increases for market-rate rentals. A landlord may raise rent on a month-to-month tenancy by giving the required 30-day advance written notice. During a fixed-term lease, rent is locked at the agreed amount unless the lease expressly allows mid-term adjustments.
Virginia preempts local rent control statewide. No Virginia city, county, or town may enact rent stabilization or rent control ordinances. Any local provision that attempts to do so is void under state law. Tenants in Virginia do not have rent-increase protection beyond the notice rights described above.
If you have a landlord-tenant dispute in Virginia
Begin every dispute with written documentation. Send repair requests, complaints, and notices by email or certified mail and keep copies. If a landlord has not returned a deposit within 45 days, send a written demand that cites 55.1-1226 and the return deadline. Many deposit disputes are resolved at this stage without filing a claim.
Virginia General District Court handles small claims up to $5,000 with an informal process. The filing fee is modest, and tenants may appear without an attorney. For cases involving retaliation, discrimination, or claims above the small claims limit, circuit court is the proper venue.
The Virginia Department of Housing and Community Development (dhcd.virginia.gov) provides tenant resources and links to local housing authorities. Virginia Legal Aid (valegalaid.org) offers free legal assistance to income-qualifying tenants and can help navigate VRLTA procedures. Local tenant-rights organizations in Northern Virginia, Richmond, and Hampton Roads also provide hotlines and clinics.
For VRLTA violations involving entry without notice, illegal lockouts, or retaliatory conduct by a landlord, the tenant may be entitled to actual damages plus attorney fees under Virginia law. Consult a licensed Virginia attorney if the conduct rises to that level.
This article is general legal information, not legal advice. Landlord-tenant rules vary by state and city and change, and some cities add their own ordinances. For advice about a specific situation, consult a licensed attorney or your state housing agency.
Related pages: Landlord-Tenant Laws by State (hub) | Virginia Eviction Notice | Virginia Squatters Rights
More Virginia Laws
Frequently Asked Questions
How long does a landlord have to return my deposit in Virginia?
Virginia landlords must return the security deposit within 45 days after the tenancy ends and the tenant vacates. The refund must include an itemized written statement of any deductions for unpaid rent or damages. If the landlord misses the deadline, the tenant can sue for the full deposit amount plus damages in General District Court.
How much notice must a landlord give to enter in Virginia?
A Virginia landlord must give 72 hours notice before entering for routine maintenance or inspections, and 24 hours notice before showing the unit to prospective tenants or buyers. Emergency entry to address an immediate threat is permitted without advance notice. Entry without proper notice violates VRLTA.
What is the maximum security deposit in Virginia?
The maximum security deposit in Virginia is 2 months' rent under VRLTA 55.1-1226. This cap covers the total of all deposits collected, including any pet deposit. A landlord may not collect more than 2 months' rent in combined deposits regardless of the circumstances.
Can a landlord raise rent in Virginia?
Yes. Virginia preempts local rent control statewide, so there is no limit on how much a landlord may raise rent at lease renewal or on a month-to-month tenancy. The landlord must give at least 30 days written notice before a rent increase takes effect on a month-to-month tenancy. During a fixed-term lease, the rent is set unless the lease allows changes.
Can I withhold rent for repairs in Virginia?
Virginia tenants have a limited repair-and-deduct remedy under 55.1-1244 for fire and life-safety conditions, capped at the greater of $1,500 or one month rent. For broader habitability failures, the remedy is rent escrow with the court, not unilateral rent withholding. Stopping rent payments without following the statutory procedure will likely result in an eviction notice.
How much notice is required to end a month-to-month lease in Virginia?
Either party must give at least 30 days written notice before the next rent due date to end a month-to-month tenancy in Virginia. The notice must align with the rent cycle: a notice given on April 10 for a May 1 rent-due date would end the tenancy on May 31 at the earliest, since only about 20 days of notice would precede the May 1 due date.
What is the late-fee limit in Virginia?
Virginia caps late fees at 10% of the periodic rent. A mandatory 5-day grace period applies, meaning a landlord cannot charge a late fee until at least 5 days after rent was due. Lease terms imposing a higher fee or a shorter grace period are unenforceable under VRLTA.
Sources and References
- Va. Code tit. 55.1, ch. 12, Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (VRLTA)(law.lis.virginia.gov).gov
- Va. Code 55.1-1245, nonpayment of rent notice (extended from 5 to 14 days by 2026 HB 15 / SB 48, eff. July 1, 2026)(law.lis.virginia.gov).gov
- Virginia Department of Housing and Community Development, Tenant Resources(dhcd.virginia.gov).gov
- Virginia Legal Aid, Renter Resources(valegalaid.org)