Texas Child Custody Laws (2026): Conservatorship, Possession, and Your Rights

Texas decides all custody matters under the best interests of the child standard and uses its own terminology: "conservatorship" instead of custody and "possession and access" instead of visitation. Texas law presumes that appointing both parents as joint managing conservators serves the child's best interests, though that presumption says nothing about equal possession time.

How does Texas decide child custody?

Texas family courts apply the best interests of the child as the primary consideration in every conservatorship determination, under Tex. Fam. Code 153.002. The case is filed in the district court (or statutory county court at law) of the county where the child resides, under Tex. Fam. Code 103.001(a), unless another Texas court already has continuing exclusive jurisdiction under Chapter 155 or venue is fixed by a pending divorce under Subchapter D, Chapter 6. Section 103.001(c) defines where a child resides by where the child's parents reside, with seven fallbacks covering guardians, parents living in different counties, and children in another adult's care.

There is no six-month county-residency rule in Texas and no waiting period after moving from one Texas county to another. The six-month figure often attached to custody comes from a different statute: Texas has adopted the UCCJEA (Tex. Fam. Code ch. 152), and the home-state test in Tex. Fam. Code 152.201(a)(1) asks whether Texas was the child's home state on the date the case began or within the previous six months. That test decides which state may hear the case, not which Texas county.

When parents cannot agree on a parenting arrangement, the judge evaluates the circumstances using a combination of statutory guidance and the Holley factors developed by the Texas Supreme Court. The Holley factors include the child's desires, the child's emotional and physical needs, any emotional or physical danger to the child, the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody, the programs available to help those individuals, the plans for the child by the individuals seeking custody, the stability of the home environment, the acts or omissions of a parent that indicate the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one, and any excuse for those acts or omissions. Courts look at the totality of circumstances rather than a rigid checklist.

Types of custody in Texas

Texas divides parental authority into two categories. A managing conservator holds legal rights over the child, including the authority to make decisions about education, health care, and religious upbringing. Managing conservatorship can be joint (both parents share rights and duties) or sole (one parent holds exclusive rights). A possessory conservator has the right of access and possession at specified times but holds fewer independent decision-making rights.

Possession and access is the Texas equivalent of physical custody or parenting time. It refers to which parent the child lives with and when. A written parenting plan, often built around the Standard Possession Order, sets the schedule for possession during the school year, summers, holidays, and vacations. Texas Family Code 153.312 sets the base Standard Possession Order for parents who live 100 miles or less apart: weekends on the first, third, and fifth Friday of the month, a Thursday evening visit from 6 to 8 p.m. during the school term, and an extended summer period. If the non-primary parent lives 50 miles or less from the child, Tex. Fam. Code 153.3171 (added in 2021 by S.B. 1936) makes the Expanded Standard Possession Order the automatic default instead, stretching the Thursday visit into an overnight and moving the weekend pickup to school dismissal on Friday, unless the parent opts out or the court finds an exception applies.

Does Texas presume joint or 50/50 custody?

Texas carries a rebuttable presumption of joint managing conservatorship, not a presumption of equal possession time. Under Tex. Fam. Code 153.131(b), a court presumes that the appointment of both parents as joint managing conservators is in the best interest of the child in any original proceeding. This is a presumption about shared legal authority, meaning both parents participate in major decisions, not a requirement that the child spend equal time with each parent.

The presumption is rebutted if credible evidence shows that a parent has a history of family violence or a pattern of child neglect or abuse. When the presumption is rebutted, the court may instead name one parent as sole managing conservator.

Because joint managing conservatorship deals with legal rights rather than possession schedules, parents named as joint managing conservators frequently have unequal parenting time. The court sets the possession schedule separately, often by reference to the Standard Possession Order. A parent who wants significantly more time than the SPO provides must present evidence that an alternative schedule serves the child's best interests. Texas is not a 50/50 state; equal possession time is possible but is not the default.

To see where a proposed schedule lands as a percentage, Texas parents can use the parenting-time calculator, which also flags how that count can affect child support.

The best interests factors Texas courts weigh

Texas courts use the Holley factors (from Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, Tex. 1976) together with the statutory framework of Tex. Fam. Code 153.134 to evaluate conservatorship. The key considerations include:

• The child's desires, given appropriate weight based on age and maturity
• The child's present and future emotional and physical needs
• Any present or future emotional or physical danger to the child
• The parental abilities of each person seeking custody
• The programs available to assist those individuals in promoting the child's best interest
• Each parent's plans for the child
• The stability of the home or proposed placement
• Acts or omissions by a parent that indicate the existing relationship with the child is not appropriate
• Any reasonable explanation for those acts or omissions

In addition, Tex. Fam. Code 153.004 directs courts to consider family violence when determining whether to appoint a parent as sole managing conservator. A history of family violence raises a rebuttable presumption that appointing the abusive parent as sole managing conservator or giving that parent joint managing conservatorship is not in the child's best interest.

Relocation: moving with your child

Most Texas custody orders include a geographic restriction that limits the child's primary residence to a specific county or set of counties. When such a restriction is in place, the primary conservator cannot move the child outside that area without either the other parent's written agreement or a court order modifying the conservatorship. Tex. Fam. Code 156.101 governs modification: the court may modify if the change is in the child's best interest and at least one of that section's three grounds is established. In a relocation case that ground is normally a material and substantial change in the circumstances of the child, a conservator, or another party affected by the order.

If no geographic restriction is in the existing order, neither statute nor case law imposes a blanket advance-notice requirement, though many parenting plans include notice provisions. When a parent does seek court approval to relocate, the cost of additional travel to maintain the non-relocating parent's possession time is typically allocated to the relocating parent.

Courts treat a proposed relocation as a significant factor in deciding possession schedules. A move that would make the Standard Possession Order difficult to exercise may lead to a modified schedule that concentrates the non-relocating parent's time during summers and school breaks.

Changing a custody order (modification)

Under Tex. Fam. Code 156.101(a), a court may modify a conservatorship or possession order if modification is in the child's best interest and any one of three grounds is established. Best interest is required in every case. The three grounds are alternatives joined by "or", so a party needs to prove only one of them.

1. A material and substantial change in circumstances. The circumstances of the child, a conservator, or another party affected by the order have materially and substantially changed since the earlier of the date the order was rendered or the date a mediated or collaborative law settlement agreement underlying the order was signed. A change is material and substantial if it is significant rather than merely inconvenient, and unanticipated at the time the original order was entered.

2. A child 12 or older has stated a primary-residence preference to the court. The child has told the judge in chambers, as provided by Tex. Fam. Code 153.009, who the child prefers to have the exclusive right to designate the primary residence. This is an independent statutory ground, not evidence of changed circumstances, so no separate showing of a material and substantial change is required alongside it. The judge still decides the modification on the child's best interest and is not bound by the stated preference.

3. Voluntary relinquishment for at least six months. The conservator holding the exclusive right to designate the child's primary residence has voluntarily relinquished the primary care and possession of the child to another person for at least six months. Under 156.101(b), this ground does not reach a conservator who relinquished care temporarily during military deployment, mobilization, or temporary military duty.

Where a case does rest on the changed-circumstances ground, courts have recognized examples such as a significant change in a parent's work schedule, a parent's relocation, a parent's remarriage, a child's changing needs as the child grows older, or documented family violence that postdates the original order.

There is no minimum waiting period before a conservatorship modification can be filed in Texas, unlike some other states that bar modifications for one to two years absent endangerment. For families navigating related financial issues, see Texas child support laws and Texas alimony laws. Estimate a likely payment with our Texas child support calculator.

If you are facing a custody case in Texas

Texas family courts expect parents to come prepared. Here are practical steps:

Propose a detailed parenting plan. Describe the possession schedule you seek, how the child will transition between homes, and how you will communicate with the other parent about education and medical decisions. Courts take seriously parents who think concretely about the child's day-to-day life.

Document your involvement. Courts weigh each parent's demonstrated role in the child's life. Maintain records of school events you attended, medical appointments, extracurricular activities, and day-to-day caregiving you provided.

Focus on the child's needs, not the dispute. Judges evaluating the Holley factors look for parents who can put the child's interests above adult conflict. Avoid disparaging the other parent in communications that could become evidence.

Attend any required parenting class. Many Texas courts require both parents to complete a court-approved parenting education program in a suit affecting the parent-child relationship.

Consider mediation. Texas courts encourage mediation before contested trials. Many families reach workable agreed orders through mediation and avoid the time and expense of a hearing.

If family violence, substance abuse, or a relocation is part of your case, have a Texas family lawyer review your parenting plan and evidence in a free case evaluation before a contested hearing (attorney advertising).

This article is general legal information, not legal advice. Child custody law varies by state and turns on the specific facts of each family. For advice about your situation, consult a licensed family-law attorney in Texas.

Related resources

For the full national framework, see the Child Custody Laws hub. Texas parents dealing with related financial matters may also find these pages useful: Texas Child Support Laws, Texas Alimony Laws, and Texas Emancipation Laws.

More Texas Laws

• Texas Alimony Laws
• Texas Child Support Laws
• Texas Divorce Laws
• Texas Emancipation Laws
• Texas Restraining Order Laws

Frequently Asked Questions

How is child custody determined in Texas?

Texas courts determine conservatorship and possession under the best interests of the child standard (Tex. Fam. Code 153.002). The court presumes both parents should be joint managing conservators sharing legal authority, then sets a separate possession schedule, often following the Standard Possession Order. Judges weigh the Holley factors and any statutory considerations, including family violence history.

Does Texas favor the mother in custody cases?

No. Texas conservatorship law is gender-neutral. Courts may not prefer one parent over the other based on sex. The old tender-years doctrine that leaned toward mothers for young children has been abolished in Texas. Both parents are presumed capable of sharing managing conservatorship unless the evidence shows otherwise.

Is Texas a 50/50 custody state?

No. Texas presumes joint managing conservatorship, meaning shared legal decision-making authority, but there is no presumption of equal possession time. When the non-primary parent lives 50 miles or less from the child, the Expanded Standard Possession Order is the automatic default and gives that parent roughly 43 percent of overnights, including a Thursday overnight. Parents who live farther apart, up to 100 miles, get the base Standard Possession Order, which has a shorter Thursday evening visit and fewer overnights. Equal possession is possible but requires a specific agreement or a court finding that it serves the child's best interests.

At what age can a child choose which parent to live with in Texas?

Texas law (Tex. Fam. Code 153.009) allows a child 12 or older to express a preference in chambers to the judge. The court must consider the preference but is not bound by it. Children under 12 may also have their preferences considered if the court finds they are mature enough to form a meaningful view. The child's preference is one factor among many in the best-interests analysis.

How do I change a custody order in Texas?

You file a motion to modify and show that the change serves the child's best interests plus any one of the three alternative grounds in Tex. Fam. Code 156.101(a): a material and substantial change in circumstances since the original order, a child 12 or older telling the judge in chambers who should have the exclusive right to designate the primary residence, or the conservator holding that right having voluntarily relinquished primary care and possession for at least six months. Because those grounds are alternatives, a changed-circumstances showing is not required in every case. Texas does not have a minimum waiting period before modification can be sought. Common qualifying changes under the first ground include a parent's relocation, a significant shift in work schedule, or documented family violence after the original order.

Can a parent move away with the child in Texas?

Most Texas orders include a geographic restriction on the child's primary residence. Moving the child outside that restriction without the other parent's agreement or a court order is a violation of the order. To relocate beyond the restriction, the primary conservator must seek a modification under Tex. Fam. Code 156.101, showing that the move serves the child's best interests plus one of that section's three grounds, which in a relocation case is normally a material and substantial change in circumstances.

What is the difference between conservatorship and possession and access in Texas?

Conservatorship is the Texas term for legal custody: it refers to the rights and duties to make major decisions about the child's education, health care, and upbringing. Possession and access is the Texas term for the parenting-time schedule, meaning which parent the child lives with and when. A joint managing conservatorship order tells you who makes decisions; the possession schedule tells you where the child sleeps each night.