Amategeko yo Gufata Amajwi n'Amashusho mu Rwanda 2026: Uruhushya rwa Bose, Ibihano n'Igenzura

Amategeko yo Gufata Amajwi n'Amashusho mu Rwanda 2026: Uruhushya rwa Bose, Ibihano n'Igenzura

U Rwanda rukoresha urwego rusaba uruhushya rwa bose bagize ikiganiro mbere yo gufata amajwi cyangwa amashusho y'itumanaho. Itegeko Nº 60/2013 ribuza gufata itumanaho iryo ari ryo ryose, ryaba iry'abantu bombi cyangwa iry'abikorera ku giti cyabo, nta ruhushya rw'Ubushinjacyaha rubiherewe, naho Itegeko Nº 60/2018 ryerekeye Ibyaha ku Ikoranabuhanga rihana igifungo cy'umwaka umwe kugeza ku myaka itanu ku wafashe itumanaho mu buryo bwa digitale nta ruhushya afite.

Amakuru y'iyi ngingo yasuzumwe bwa nyuma ku wa 2026-05-15. Iyi ngingo ntiyarasuzumwa n'umunyamategeko wemewe. Itanga amakuru rusange y'amategeko y'u Rwanda kandi ntabwo ari inama z'amategeko ku bibazo byihariye.

Icyo iyi ngingo ireba: Iyi ngingo ivuga ku mategeko agenga gufata amajwi n'amashusho hamwe n'itumanaho mu Rwanda, hakurikijwe amategeko y'igihugu nka Itegeko Nº 60/2013 (gufata itumanaho), Itegeko Nº 60/2018 (ibyaha ku ikoranabuhanga), Itegeko Nº 68/2018 (Itegeko Nshinjabyaha), n'Itegeko Nº 058/2021 (kurinda amakuru bwite). Ntabwo ivuga ku mategeko agenga gufata amajwi n'amashusho mu bindi bihugu bya Afurika. Kugira ngo urebe ugereranya ku rwego mpuzamahanga, reba incamake y'amategeko agenga gufata amajwi n'amashusho ku isi.

Igisubizo Ngufi: Ese Gufata Amajwi n'Amashusho ni Byemewe mu Rwanda?

Oya, gufata itumanaho nta ruhushya rw'abarigize bose ntibyemewe n'amategeko mu Rwanda ku baturage basanzwe. U Rwanda ntirwemera icyemezo cyihariye gishingiye ku ruhushya rw'umuntu umwe gusa. Igihugu gikurikiza umuco usaba uruhushya rwa bose binyuze mu mategeko atatu ahurira hamwe. Itegeko Nº 60/2013 ribuza gufata itumanaho iryo ari ryo ryose, ry'abantu bombi cyangwa iry'abikorera, nta ruhushya rw'Umushinjacyaha w'Igihugu wagenwe abiherewe. Itegeko Nº 60/2018 ryerekeye Ibyaha ku Ikoranabuhanga rihana gufata itumanaho mu buryo bwa digitale nta ruhushya hakurikijwe Ingingo ya 19, ndetse n'ifatwa ry'amashusho cyangwa amajwi y'abantu nta ruhushya bafite hakurikijwe Ingingo ya 35. Itegeko Nshinjabyaha (Itegeko Nº 68/2018) ryongeraho ingingo rusange z'ibyaha byo kurenga ku buzima bwite zirebana no gufata amajwi mu buryo bwihishe no kugenzura abantu. Ku bigo by'ubucuruzi, Itegeko Nº 058/2021 ryerekeye Kurinda Amakuru Bwite n'Ubuzima Bwite rishyiraho inshingano zindi zo kwiyandikisha no kubahiriza amategeko ku kigo icyo ari cyo cyose gifata itumanaho mu mikorere yacyo. Ingaruka rusange ni uko umuntu ufashe ikiganiro, ihamagara rya telefoni, inama, cyangwa itumanaho rya digitale mu Rwanda nta buzi cyangwa uruhushya rw'abarigize bose ahura n'ibyaha hakurikijwe rimwe cyangwa byinshi muri aya mategeko.

Urufatiro rw'Itegeko Nshinga: Ingingo ya 23

Urufatiro rw'amategeko agenga gufata amajwi n'amashusho mu Rwanda ni Ingingo ya 23 y'Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y'u Rwanda (ryo mu 2003, ryahinduwe mu 2015). Ingingo ya 23 igira iti ubuzima bwite bw'umuntu, umuryango we, urugo rwe, n'ubutumwa bwe ntibigomba kurengerwaho ku bushake, kandi icyubahiro n'izina ryiza ry'umuntu birarengerwa. Ku birebana n'itumanaho by'umwihariko, Itegeko Nshinga rivuga ko ibanga ry'ubutumwa n'itumanaho ritagomba kurenzweho keretse mu bihe n'uburyo bigenwa n'itegeko.

Iyi si guhitamo politiki. Ni ikizerano cy'Itegeko Nshinga kiri hejuru y'amategeko asanzwe. Itegeko iryo ari ryo ryose rigenga gufata amajwi n'amashusho, gufata itumanaho, no gukusanya amakuru mu Rwanda rikomoka kuri iyi ngingo. Amagambo ngo "keretse mu bihe n'uburyo bigenwa n'itegeko" ni yo mpamvu Itegeko Nshinga rifashe urwego rwo gufata itumanaho hakurikijwe uruhushya, rwashyizweho n'Itegeko Nº 60/2013. Inkiko zisesengura impaka zerekeye gufata amajwi n'amashusho nta ruhushya zibanza kureba Ingingo ya 23 nk'urufatiro rw'ibanze.

Itegeko Nshinga na ryo ryemera ubwisanzure bwo kuvuga icyo utekereza hakurikijwe Ingingo ya 38, ariko inkiko n'inzego z'ubuyobozi mu Rwanda kenshi zafashe ko inyungu zo kurengera ubuzima bwite n'umutekano w'Igihugu ziruta izo ubwisanzure bwo kuvuga icyo utekereza mu manza zerekeye gufata itumanaho. Iri huzagurika ry'Itegeko Nshinga ni ingenzi mu gusobanukirwa impamvu inzira yemewe yo gufata itumanaho igizwe ari nto by'inama.

Itegeko Nº 60/2013: Gufata Itumanaho

Ibirebwa n'Iri Tegeko

Itegeko Nº 60/2013 ryo ku wa 22 Kanama 2013 Rigenga Gufata Itumanaho, ni ryo itegeko ry'ibanze ry'u Rwanda ku byerekeye igenzura ry'itumanaho. Ryasimbuye Itegeko Nº 48/2008, ryari ryaragenze iki kibazo kuva mu 2008. Ingingo ya 5 igaragaza ihame ry'ibanze ryo kubuza: gufata itumanaho iryo ari ryo ryose rikorwa binyuze muri sisitemu y'itumanaho ya rubanda cyangwa iy'abikorera nta ruhushya rw'urwego rubifitiye ububasha ntibyemewe.

Icyo iri tegeko rireba ni kinini. Ijambo "itumanaho" rikubiyemo amahamagara ya telefoni, ubutumwa bugufi, imeyili, ubutumwa binyuze kuri interineti, n'ubundi buryo ubwo aribwo bwose bwa elegitoroniki cyangwa butari bwo bwo kohereza amakuru hagati y'abantu. Byombi, urusobe rw'itumanaho rwa rubanda rutangwa n'abatanga serivisi nka MTN Rwanda cyangwa Airtel Rwanda ndetse na sisitemu z'abikorera nk'urusobe rw'imbere mu kigo rw'itumanaho ku ma telefoni cyangwa ubutumwa, birebwa n'iri tegeko.

Ihame ryo kubuza ntirikuka ku baturage basanzwe no ku bigo byinshi. Nta cyemezo cyihariye gitangwa ku wifuza gufata ibiganiro bye bwite, nta cyemezo cyihariye gihabwa abanyamakuru, kandi nta gisobanuro cy'ubukenerwa mu bucuruzi gishobora kwiregura. Uruhushya rw'abagize ikiganiro bose, cyangwa uruhushya rw'Ubushinjacyaha, ni yo nzira yonyine ijyanye n'amategeko yo gufata itumanaho.

Ni Nde Ushobora Kwemeza Gufata Itumanaho mu Buryo Bwemewe

Ingingo ya 9 y'Itegeko Nº 60/2013 igarukiza ububasha bwo kwemeza gufata itumanaho ku rwego rumwe rwonyine: Umushinjacyaha w'Igihugu ushyizweho na Minisitiri ushinzwe Ubutabera. Mu bikorwa, ibi bisobanura Umushinjacyaha Mukuru w'u Rwanda cyangwa uwo yahaye ubwo bubasha.

• Ingabo z'u Rwanda (RDF): ingabo z'igihugu
• Polisi y'u Rwanda (RNP): urwego rwa Polisi rushinzwe abaturage
• Serivisi y'Igihugu Ishinzwe Iperereza n'Umutekano (NISS): ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe iperereza

Nta rundi rwego rwa Leta, ikigo cy'abikorera, cyangwa umuntu ku giti cye ushobora gusaba cyangwa gukora gufata itumanaho mu buryo bwemewe. Iri sibiza ry'inzego eshatu gusa, hiyongereyeho isaba ry'uruhushya rw'Ubushinjacyaha, bituma inzira yo kugenzura mu buryo bwemewe iba nto by'inama.

Itegeko Nº 30/2013 (Itegeko rigenga Imiburanishirize y'Imanza z'Ibyaha), mu Ngingo ya 72, ritanga ubundi bubasha buhuriweho bwo gufata itumanaho mu iperereza ry'ibyaha, bwemerera igenzura igihe ubundi buryo bwo gukora iperereza budashoboye gukoreshwa, uruhushya rukaba rumara amezi atatu kandi rushobora kongererwa igihe rimwe.

Uburyo bwo Gufata Itumanaho mu Bihe by'Ihutirwa

Itegeko Nº 60/2013 rikubiyemo ingingo yerekeye ibihe by'ihutirwa. Igihe inyungu z'umutekano rusange zisaba igikorwa cyihuse, Umushinjacyaha w'Igihugu ashobora gutanga uruhushya rwo gufata itumanaho mu magambo. Uruhushya rwanditse rugomba gukurikira mu masaha 24. Iyo uruhushya rwanditse rutageze muri icyo gihe, gufata itumanaho bifatwa nk'ibitemewe, kandi ibimenyetso byose byakusanyirijwe muri icyo gihe nta ruhushya biba bitagishoboye gukoreshwa. Abakozi bakoze igikorwa cyo gufata itumanaho bahura n'ingaruka zishoboka mu mategeko.

Inshingano z'Abatanga Serivisi z'Itumanaho

Ingingo ya 7 y'Itegeko Nº 60/2013 isaba abatanga serivisi z'itumanaho bose bakorera mu Rwanda kwemeza ko sisitemu zabo zishoboye ku buryo bwa tekiniki gushyigikira gufata itumanaho mu buryo bwemewe igihe cyose. Ibigo by'itumanaho, abatanga serivisi za interineti, n'izindi mbuga z'itumanaho bagomba kubaka no kubungabunga ubushobozi bwo gufata itumanaho mu miterere y'ibikoresho byabo. Abatanga serivisi bagomba kwemerera gufata itumanaho igihe bagejejweho uruhushya rwemewe, ariko babujijwe gufasha gufata itumanaho nta ruhushya.

Itegeko Nº 24/2016: Ububasha bwa Minisitiri w'Ikoranabuhanga bwo Guhagarika Itumanaho

Itegeko Nº 24/2016 ryo ku wa 18 Kamena 2016 Rigenga Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho ritanga ubundi bubasha bw'ubutegetsi hakurikijwe Ingingo ya 126. Minisitiri ushinzwe Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho ashobora guhagarika cyangwa gutuma itumanaho iryo ari ryo ryose ry'abikorera rihagarikwa, iyo rigaragara ko ribangamiye ubusugire bw'Igihugu, cyangwa guhagarika serivisi za elegitoroniki mu bihe byagenwe. Iyi ngingo ikora hamwe n'urwego rw'uruhushya rw'Ubushinjacyaha kandi igaragaza ubwinshi bw'ubutegetsi bwa Leta ku miterere y'ibikoresho by'itumanaho.

Itegeko Nº 60/2018: Ibyaha ku Ikoranabuhanga, Gufata Itumanaho mu Buryo bwa Digitale, no Gufata Amashusho mu Buryo Bwihishe

Ingingo ya 19: Gufata Itumanaho muri Sisitemu za Mudasobwa

Itegeko Nº 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22 Kanama 2018 Ryerekeye Kwirinda no Guhana Ibyaha ku Ikoranabuhanga ryongeraho igihano cyihariye ku gufata itumanaho mu buryo bwa digitale. Ingingo ya 19 ivuga ku muntu wese, ubizi kandi akoresheje uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose, nta ruhushya rw'itegeko, ufata cyangwa utuma hafatwa imikorere cyangwa amakuru ari muri mudasobwa cyangwa sisitemu ya mudasobwa. Iyi ngingo yuzuza icyuho Itegeko Nº 60/2013 ritarengeraga byuzuye: gufata amakuru ya digitale, dosiye zabitswe, itumanaho rikorerwa ku bicu (cloud), n'imigendekere y'amakuru muri sisitemu z'urusobe rwa mudasobwa.

• Icyaha gisanzwe: Igifungo kitari munsi y'umwaka umwe kandi kitarenze imyaka ibiri, hiyongereyeho ihazabu ya RWF 1.000.000 kugeza kuri 3.000.000 (bingana na Dolari z'Amerika 750 kugeza kuri 2.250)
• Ibanga rya Leta cyangwa umutekano w'Igihugu: Igifungo kitari munsi y'imyaka ibiri kandi kitarenze itanu, hiyongereyeho ihazabu ya RWF 1.000.000 kugeza kuri 2.000.000 (bingana na Dolari z'Amerika 750 kugeza kuri 1.500)

Ingingo ya 19 irebana n'ibikorwa byinshi bya digitale. Gushyira porogaramu y'iperereza (spyware) kuri telefoni y'undi muntu, gufata ubutumwa bwa WhatsApp ukoresheje igikoresho cy'undi muntu wa gatatu, gukoresha porogaramu zifata amakuru y'urusobe (packet-sniffing) kugira ngo yinjire mu migendekere y'amakuru, no kwinjira mu butumwa bwabitswe kuri terefone (voicemail) y'undi muntu nta ruhushya, byose birebwa n'iyi ngingo. Itegeko ntirisaba ko uwafashe itumanaho aba yumvise cyangwa asomye amakuru yafashwe. Igikorwa cyo gufata itumanaho ubwacyo gihagije kugira ngo umuntu abazwe icyaha.

Ingingo ya 35: Gufata Amashusho mu Buryo Bwihishe no Gukurikirana Abandi ku Ikoranabuhanga

Ingingo idakunze kwitabwaho cyane ariko ifite akamaro gakomeye mu mategeko agenga gufata amajwi n'amashusho ni Ingingo ya 35 y'Itegeko Nº 60/2018, igenga icyaha cyo gukurikirana no kwibasira abandi ku ikoranabuhanga (cyberstalking). Ingingo ya 35 igaragaza mu buryo bugaragara ko gukurikirana no kwibasira abandi ku ikoranabuhanga bikubiyemo gufata amafoto, amashusho, cyangwa amajwi y'umuntu uwo ari we wese nta ruhushya cyangwa ubumenyi bwe afite, hakoreshejwe mudasobwa cyangwa igikoresho gihuza na interineti.

Igihano cy'icyaha giteganywa n'Ingingo ya 35 ni igifungo kitari munsi y'amezi atandatu kandi kitarenze imyaka ibiri, hiyongereyeho ihazabu ya RWF 1.000.000 kugeza kuri 2.000.000 (bingana na Dolari z'Amerika 750 kugeza kuri 1.500).

Iyi ngingo ifite akamaro mu buryo bwinshi. Irebana n'umwihariko no gukoresha telefoni zigezweho n'ibindi bikoresho kugira ngo umuntu afate amashusho y'abandi mu buryo bwihishe, ntabwo ari ugufata itumanaho hagati y'abagiranye ikiganiro gusa. Umuntu wese ufata mu buryo bwihishe ishusho, ijwi, cyangwa ibikorwa by'undi muntu akoresheje igikoresho kigendanwa nta ruhushya afite, akora icyaha giteganywa n'Ingingo ya 35, uko byaba bimeze kose, waba yarafashe itumanaho mu buryo busanzwe cyangwa atarabikoze. Ibi bifunga icyuho cyashoboraga kuba hagati y'urwego rw'Itegeko Nº 60/2013 rwibanda ku itumanaho n'ifatwa ry'amashusho rusange ry'abantu nta ruhushya.

Itegeko Nshinjabyaha (Itegeko Nº 68/2018): Ibyaha Byerekeye Ubuzima Bwite

Incamake y'Urwego rw'Itegeko Nshinjabyaha

Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30 Kanama 2018 Rigena Ibyaha n'Ibihano muri Rusange ni ryo Tegeko Nshinjabyaha ryuzuye ry'u Rwanda, ryasohotse mu Igazeti ya Leta Idasanzwe yo ku wa 27 Nzeri 2018. Itegeko Nshinjabyaha rikora hamwe n'amategeko yihariye agenga ibyaha ku ikoranabuhanga na gufata itumanaho, aho kuyasimbura. Aho Itegeko Nº 60/2018 ryibanda ku byaha bikorerwa binyuze muri mudasobwa n'Itegeko Nº 60/2013 rikibanda ku gufata itumanaho, Itegeko Nshinjabyaha ritanga urwego rusange rw'amategeko y'ibyaha ku birebana no kurenga ku buzima bwite n'icyubahiro by'umuntu, harimo gufata amashusho mu buryo bwihishe n'igenzura ridafite uruhushya, bidashobora kwinjira neza mu byiciro by'ibyaha ku ikoranabuhanga cyangwa iby'ifatwa ry'itumanaho.

Ingingo z'Ibyaha Byerekeye Ubuzima Bwite

Itegeko Nshinjabyaha rikubiyemo igice cy'ibyaha bikorerwa abantu kirimo ibyaha byo kurenga ku buzima bwite. Ingingo ya 156 ivuga ku kurenga ku buzima bwite binyuze mu gufata amajwi n'amashusho nta ruhushya, igenzura, n'ibindi bikorwa bisa. Ibuza kwumva mu ibanga cyangwa kumenyekanisha amagambo y'ibanga, no gufata cyangwa kumenyekanisha amafoto, amajwi, cyangwa amashusho nta ruhushya rw'uwo bireba. Ingingo ya 159 yagura ubu burinzi ikagera no ku butumwa bw'itumanaho, ikubiyemo gufata, gufata itumanaho, guhindura icyerekezo, cyangwa kumenyekanisha ubutumwa boherejwe cyangwa bwakiriwe binyuze mu buryo ubwo aribwo bwose bw'itumanaho, cyangwa gushyiraho ibikoresho bigenewe gukora ibyo bikorwa byo gufata itumanaho nta ruhushya rw'inzego z'ubucamanza cyangwa ubushinjacyaha.

Ingingo z'Itegeko Nshinjabyaha zerekeye ubuzima bwite zireba ibikorwa bibangamira icyubahiro n'ubuzima bwite bw'umuntu. Ibi bikubiyemo gufata mu buryo bwihishe ibiganiro bibera ahantu h'ibanga hakoreshejwe igikoresho gifatika, gushyira ibikoresho byo gufata amajwi n'amashusho ahantu h'ibanga nk'amazu, ibyumba by'amahoteli, cyangwa ibiro by'abaganga nta ruhushya, no gukwirakwiza amajwi cyangwa amashusho byafashwe nta ruhushya, uko uburyo bwakoreshejwe bwaba bumeze kose. Urwego rw'Itegeko Nshinjabyaha rufite akamaro cyane cyane mu bihe ifatwa ry'amajwi n'amashusho ribera aho bantu bahurira ntibirebwe na "sisitemu ya mudasobwa" nk'uko bisobanurwa n'Itegeko Nº 60/2018, nubwo mu bikorwa aya mategeko yombi menshi muri yo ahurira hamwe kubera ko ibikoresho byinshi byo gufata amajwi n'amashusho muri iki gihe bifatwa nka mudasobwa hakurikijwe insobanuro nyinshi zitangwa n'itegeko.

Ibihano biteganywa n'Ingingo ya 156 ni igifungo kitari munsi y'amezi atandatu kandi kitarenze umwaka umwe, hiyongereyeho ihazabu ya RWF 1.000.000 kugeza kuri 2.000.000, cyangwa kimwe muri ibyo bihano gusa. Ingingo ya 159 iteganya igihano gikomeye kurushaho, ni ukuvuga igifungo cy'umwaka umwe kugeza kuri ibiri n'ihazabu ya RWF 1.000.000 kugeza kuri 3.000.000, kubera ko iyi ngingo irebana n'ikibazo kinini cyo gufata itumanaho. Ingingo ya 160 (gukusanya amakuru bwite muri mudasobwa nta ruhushya) iteganya igifungo cy'amezi atandatu kugeza ku mwaka umwe n'ihazabu ya RWF 1.000.000 kugeza kuri 2.000.000.

Isano riri hagati y'Aya Mategeko n'Ay'Ibyaha ku Ikoranabuhanga na Gufata Itumanaho

Urwego rw'amategeko atatu rushyiraho uburebure buhurira ariko bwuzuzanya:

Itegeko Nº 058/2021: Kurinda Amakuru Bwite n'Ubuzima Bwite

Incamake

Itegeko Nº 058/2021 ryo ku wa 13 Ukwakira 2021 Ryerekeye Kurinda Amakuru Bwite n'Ubuzima Bwite ryatangiye gukurikizwa ku wa 15 Ukwakira 2021 kandi rishyiraho urwego rw'amategeko rushingiye ku itegeko rya Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi rigenga Kurinda Amakuru Rusange (GDPR). Nubwo atari itegeko rigenga gufata amajwi n'amashusho mu buryo busanzwe, Itegeko Nº 058/2021 rigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo amakuru yafashwe, dosiye z'amajwi, amashusho, n'andi makuru bwite yose yakusanyirijwe binyuze mu bikorwa byo gufata amajwi n'amashusho, ashobora gukusanywa, kubikwa, gutunganywa, no gusangirwa.

Amahame y'Ingenzi

Iri tegeko rishyiraho ibisabwa by'ibanze ku muntu uwo ari we wese utunganya amakuru bwite mu Rwanda:

• Urufatiro rwemewe: Igikorwa cyose cyo gutunganya amakuru kigomba gushingira ku rufatiro rwemewe n'amategeko, waba uruhushya, ibisabwa n'amasezerano, inshingano y'amategeko, cyangwa inyungu yemewe.
• Kugarukira ku ntego: Amakuru yakusanyirijwe intego runaka ntashobora gukoreshwa ku yindi ntego nta bundi ruhushya bubiherewe.
• Kugabanya amakuru akusanywa: Ibigo bishobora gukusanya gusa amakuru akenewe ku ntego yagaragajwe.
• Kugarukira ku gihe cyo kubika: Amakuru bwite ntagomba kubikwa igihe kirenze ikigenewe kugira ngo intego yagaragajwe igerweho.
• Kuba nyayo: Abacunga amakuru bagomba gufata ingamba zikwiye kugira ngo amakuru akomeze kuba ay'ukuri kandi agezweho.

Ku birebana n'ifatwa ry'amajwi n'amashusho by'umwihariko, n'ubwo amajwi cyangwa amashusho byaba byarafashwe mu buryo bwemewe, bigomba gucungwa hakurikijwe aya mahame. Gufata amajwi y'inama y'ubucuruzi bafite uruhushya rw'abarigize bose ntibisobanura ko hari uburenganzira budasazwa bwo kubika, gusangira, cyangwa gukoresha ku yindi ntego ayo majwi.

Ibisabwa mu Kwiyandikisha

Abacunga amakuru bose n'abatunganya amakuru bakorera mu Rwanda bagomba kwiyandikisha muri NCSA binyuze mu Biro Bishinzwe Kurinda Amakuru Bwite (DPO) kuri dpo.gov.rw. Kwiyandikisha bisaba gutanga amakuru akurikira:

• Amazina n'aho kubona ushinzwe gucunga cyangwa gutunganya amakuru
• Ubwoko bw'amakuru bwite atunganywa
• Intego z'itunganywa ry'amakuru
• Ibyiciro by'abo amakuru arebana na bo
• Uwo ari we wese wa gatatu wakira ayo makuru
• Niba amakuru yoherezwa hanze y'u Rwanda
• Ingamba z'umutekano zishyizweho kugira ngo amakuru arindwe

Gukorera nta kwiyandikisha bihanishwa ihazabu ya RWF 2.000.000 kugeza kuri 5.000.000 (bingana na Dolari z'Amerika 1.500 kugeza kuri 3.750) cyangwa ijana ku ijana rimwe (1%) ry'amafaranga kigo cyinjije mu mwaka w'ingengo y'imari ubanziriza uwo. Gutanga amakuru y'ibinyoma mu gihe cyo kwiyandikisha ni icyaha kitandukanye gihanishwa igifungo cy'umwaka umwe kugeza kuri itatu hiyongereyeho ihazabu itari munsi ya RWF 3.000.000.

Kohereza Amakuru Hanze y'Igihugu

Amakuru bwite ashobora koherezwa hanze y'u Rwanda gusa iyo igihugu kiyakira gifite urwego rukwiye rwo kurinda amakuru nk'uko byemejwe na NCSA, cyangwa iyo ushinzwe gucunga amakuru abonye impamyabushobozi itangwa na NCSA yemerera kubika amakuru hanze y'igihugu. Iyi ngingo ifite akamaro gakomeye ku bigo mpuzamahanga bifata amahamagara cyangwa bibika amakuru y'itumanaho kuri seriveri ziri hanze y'u Rwanda.

Uruhare rwa NCSA nk'Urwego Rugenzura

Ishingwa n'Inshingano

NCSA (Ikigo cy'Igihugu gishinzwe Umutekano ku Ikoranabuhanga) cyashinzwe muri Nyakanga 2017 kandi ni cyo kigo cy'u Rwanda gishinzwe kugenzura ibirebana no kurinda amakuru bwite n'umutekano ku ikoranabuhanga. Mu 2022, NCSA yatangije mu buryo bwemewe Ibiro Bishinzwe Kurinda Amakuru Bwite (DPO), bishinzwe gukurikiza Itegeko Nº 058/2021 buri munsi. DPO ikorera kuri urubuga dpo.gov.rw kandi itanga amabwiriza yo kubahiriza amategeko kuva itangijwe.

Ububasha bwo Gukurikiza Amategeko

NCSA ifite ububasha bunini bwo gukurikiza amategeko hakurikijwe Itegeko Nº 058/2021:

• Gukurikirana ukubahiriza amategeko mu byiciro byose
• Gukora iperereza ku bikekwaho kurenga ku mategeko
• Gutanga ibyemezo n'amabwiriza agomba gukurikizwa
• Gutanga ibihano by'ubuyobozi
• Kubika urutonde rwemewe rw'abacunga n'abatunganya amakuru
• Gutanga impamyabushobozi zo kohereza amakuru hanze y'igihugu

Amabwiriza Yatanzwe Kuva Itangizwa

DPO yatangaje inyandiko z'amabwiriza y'ingenzi kuva itangira gukora:

• Kamena 2023: Amabwiriza ku bisabwa mu kwiyandikisha kw'abacunga n'abatunganya amakuru, hamwe n'uburyo bwo gusaba kuri interineti binyuze ku rubuga rwa DPO
• Mata 2024: Amabwiriza ku ngingo z'amasezerano zisabwa mu masezerano yo gutunganya amakuru, arebana n'ubunini bw'itunganywa, ingamba z'umutekano, n'uburenganzira bw'abo amakuru arebana na bo
• Nyakanga 2024: Amabwiriza ku gushyiraho ababahagarariye ku bacunga n'abatunganya amakuru bari hanze y'u Rwanda

Muri Kanama 2024, NCSA yatangije Ingamba z'Igihugu ku Mutekano ku Ikoranabuhanga, zigaragaza intego zirindwi harimo gucunga ibyago biterwa n'ikoranabuhanga no kurinda ibikoresho by'ibanze.

Kugeza muri Gicurasi 2026, NCSA ntiyatangaje raporo z'ibikorwa binini byo gukurikiza amategeko bigatanga ihazabu hakurikijwe Itegeko Nº 058/2021. Uburyo bwo kugenzura bwibanze ku kubaka ibikoresho byo kubahiriza amategeko, harimo sisitemu yo kwiyandikisha n'inyandiko z'amabwiriza, mu myaka ya mbere y'ikurikizwa ry'iri tegeko. Ubwo buryo bushobora guhinduka uko igihe cyo kwiyandikisha kigenda kirangira n'urwego rw'ubugenzuzi rugenda rukura.

Amahamagara ya Telefoni n'Itumanaho rya VoIP

Gufata amahamagara ya telefoni mu Rwanda nta ruhushya rw'abagiranye ikiganiro bose birabujijwe hakurikijwe Itegeko Nº 60/2013, kandi bikomezwa n'Ingingo ya 19 y'Itegeko Nº 60/2018. Ibi birebana na:

• Amahamagara akorerwa ku rusobe rwa terefone zigendanwa mu Rwanda (MTN Rwanda, Airtel Rwanda)
• Amahamagara akorerwa kuri terefone zifatanye
• Amahamagara ya VoIP n'akorerwa kuri interineti, harimo WhatsApp, Zoom, Microsoft Teams, na Google Meet
• Amahamagara anyura muri sisitemu za terefone z'ibigo cyangwa mu bigo bishinzwe kwakira abakiriya (call centers)
• Amahamagara aturuka hanze y'u Rwanda ariko akakirwa n'umuntu uri mu Rwanda

Nta cyemezo cyihariye gishingiye ku ruhushya rw'umuntu umwe gusa. Kuba mu bagiranye ikiganiro ntibiguha uburenganzira bwo kugifata. Nyir'ubucuruzi ufata ihamagara agiranye n'umukiriya, umukozi ufata ikiganiro agiranye n'umuyobozi we, cyangwa umunyamakuru ufata ikiganiro cya telefoni nta kubimenyesha, bose bahura n'ibyaha hakurikijwe urwo rwego rumwe.

Ibi kubuza bikwirakwira no ku masisitemu afata amajwi mu buryo bwikoresha. Ikigo gishyira mu bikorwa sisitemu ifata amahamagara mu buryo bwikoresha nta ruhushya kibonye ku bahamagara mbere yuko ifatwa itangira, kirenga ku Itegeko Nº 60/2013 n'Itegeko Nº 058/2021. Gutangaza ubutumwa bugira buti "iri hamagara rishobora gufatwa" busohoza ibisabwa mu kumenyesha gusa iyo abahamagara bahawe uburyo nyabwo bwo kwanga cyangwa gucomora mbere yuko gufata bitangira.

Ibiganiro Biba Aho Bantu Bahurira Bombi

Kubuza gufata amajwi birebana kimwe n'ibiganiro biba aho bantu bahurira. Gufata amajwi y'inama, imishyikirano, ubujyanama bw'ubuvuzi, cyangwa ikiganiro icyo ari cyo cyose kibera aho bantu bahurira nta buzi cyangwa uruhushya rw'abarigize bose, birenga ku rwego rw'amategeko.

Gukoresha mikoro yihishe, gukoresha porogaramu ifata amajwi kuri telefone igezweho iri mu mufuka, cyangwa kwambara igikoresho gifata amajwi kugira ngo ufate ibiganiro biba aho bantu bahurira, byose bifatwa nk'ifatwa ry'itumanaho nta ruhushya cyangwa ifatwa ry'amashusho mu buryo bwihishe hakurikijwe urwego ruhuriweho n'Itegeko Nº 60/2013, Ingingo ya 35 y'Itegeko Nº 60/2018, n'Itegeko Nshinjabyaha (Itegeko Nº 68/2018). Uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu gufata, waba ari analog cyangwa digitale, igikoresho gifatika cyangwa igikoresho gihuza na mudasobwa, ntibihindura umwanzuro w'amategeko.

Ubutumwa bwa digitale na bwo burinzwe mu buryo bungana hakurikijwe Itegeko Nº 60/2018. Gufata itumanaho, gufata, cyangwa kubika ubutumwa bugufi, imeyili, ibiganiro byo mu butumwa, cyangwa ubutumwa bwihariye ku mbuga nkoranyambaga nta ruhushya, ni icyaha. Gufata ifoto y'ikirahure (screenshot) y'ubutumwa bwite kugira ngo bukwirakwizwe bishobora no gutuma inshingano zo kurinda amakuru ziteganywa n'Itegeko Nº 058/2021 zikurikizwa, cyane cyane iyo iyo foto igaragaza uwohereje n'amakuru bwite.

Gufata Amajwi ku Kazi no Gukurikirana Abakozi

Inshingano z'Umukoresha

U Rwanda ntirufite itegeko ryihariye rigenga igenzura ku kazi. Gufata amajwi ku kazi no gukurikirana abakozi birebwa n'urwego ruhuriweho n'Itegeko Nº 60/2013 (gufata itumanaho), Itegeko Nº 058/2021 (kurinda amakuru bwite), n'Itegeko Nº 66/2018 (itegeko rigenga umurimo). Abakoresha bifuza gukurikirana itumanaho ku kazi, gushyiraho kamera z'umutekano, cyangwa gufata amahamagara y'ubucuruzi bagomba:

• Kubona uruhushya rugaragara kandi rushingiye ku bumenyi bw'abakozi mbere yuko igenzura ritangira
• Kwiyandikisha muri NCSA nk'abacunga amakuru iyo ibikorwa by'igenzura bikubiyemo gutunganya amakuru bwite
• Kugarukira ku igenzura rikenewe gusa ku ntego yemewe y'ubucuruzi
• Kumenyesha abakozi ubunini, uburyo, n'igihe by'igenzura
• Kubika inyandiko z'ibikorwa byose by'igenzura n'impamvu zabyo zishingiye ku mategeko

Kamera za CCTV ku Kazi

Gushyira kamera z'umutekano mu bigo by'ubucuruzi muri rusange biremewe, ariko abakoresha bagomba kubahiriza ibisabwa mu kurinda amakuru. Kamera ziri ahantu abakozi bafitiye icyizere ko ubuzima bwabo bwite burarindwa, harimo ubwiherero, ibyumba byo guhindukiramo imyenda, n'ahantu ho kuruhukira hakoreshwa amahamagara bwite, bishobora kurenga ku mategeko. Kamera zigenzura ahakorerwa umurimo, ahaparikira ibinyabiziga, n'aho winjirira mu nyubako, aho nta cyizere gikwiye cy'ubuzima bwite kibaho, zifite urufatiro rukomeye mu mategeko, igihe abakozi bamenyeshejwe ko zishyizweho.

Urusobe runini rwa kamera za CCTV rwa rubanda muri Kigali, rukoreshwa na Polisi y'u Rwanda, rugengwa n'inzego z'umutekano rusange kandi ntirushyiraho urugero abakoresha b'abikorera bakwifashisha mu kugenzura ahantu h'ibanga.

Gufata Amajwi mu Bigo Bishinzwe Kwakira Abakiriya (Call Centers)

Ibigo bifata amahamagara y'abakiriya bagomba kubona uruhushya rw'umukozi n'urw'umukiriya mbere yuko ifatwa ritangira. Umuco usanzwe wo gutangaza ubutumwa bugira buti "iri hamagara rishobora gufatwa kugira ngo dukomeze kongera ubuziranenge bw'imikoreshereze" busohoza ibisabwa mu kumenyesha gusa iyo butanga abahamagara uburyo nyabwo bwo kwanga cyangwa gucomora mbere yuko ifatwa itangira. Ubutumwa butangwa nyuma yuko ihamagara ritangiye, bugamije gusa kumenyesha abahamagara ko bafatwa, nta buryo bwo kwanga bugaragara, ntibushobora gusohoza umuco usaba uruhushya rw'abagize ikiganiro bose.

Gufata Amashusho ya Polisi n'Abayobozi ba Leta

Urwego rw'Amategeko n'Ibyago mu Bikorwa

Gufata amashusho ya polisi cyangwa abandi bayobozi ba Leta mu Rwanda ni igikorwa gifite ibyago byinshi, gisaba kwitondera byombi: urwego rw'amategeko n'imiterere y'ikurikizwa ry'amategeko mu bikorwa.

Ku rwego rw'amategeko, ihame rimwe risaba uruhushya rw'abagize ikiganiro bose rikurikizwa ku gufata amashusho y'ibikorwa n'abayobozi nk'uko bikurikizwa ku bindi bikorwa byose byo gufata amajwi n'amashusho. Nta cyemezo gisobanutse mu mategeko cyemerera gufata amashusho ya polisi ikora imirimo ya rubanda. Umuntu ufata amashusho igihe polisi ihagaritse ibinyabiziga, igikorwa cy'ubuyobozi, cyangwa ihuriro n'inzego za Leta, nta ruhushya rw'abarimo bose, ahura n'ingaruka zishoboka hakurikijwe Itegeko Nº 60/2013, Ingingo ya 35 y'Itegeko Nº 60/2018, n'Itegeko Nshinjabyaha.

Hejuru y'inshingano zishingiye ku mategeko, ibyago mu bikorwa ni byinshi cyane. U Rwanda rwaje ku mwanya wa 146 ku bihugu 180 mu Iserukiramwe rya RSF ku Bwisanzure bw'Itangazamakuru ku Isi ryo mu 2025, rukaba ruri mu byiciro "bikomeye cyane". Iperereza ryakozwe mu 2021 n'itsinda mpuzamahanga ry'abanyamakuru ryagaragaje ko u Rwanda ari kimwe mu bihugu bigera kuri 20 bikoresha sisitemu ya porogaramu y'iperereza ya Pegasus mu gukurikirana abanyamakuru n'abandi bantu babigenewe. Byanditswe ko abakozi b'iperereza ba Polisi y'u Rwanda bakurikiranaga abanyamakuru mu gihe batanga amakuru. Leta ikurikirana imbuga nkoranyambaga n'itumanaho rya digitale.

Ibirego Byanditswe

Urubanza rwa Yvonne Idamange rugaragaza ibihari. Idamange, utanga ibitekerezo kuri YouTube, yahamijwe igifungo cy'imyaka 15 mu 2021 kubera gutangaza amashusho anenga ibitekerezo bya Leta. Imyaka ibiri yiyongereye mu Werurwe 2023 mu isubirwamo ry'urubanza. Nubwo urubanza rwashingiye ku bikubiye mu bitangajwe aho gushingira ku gikorwa ubwacyo cyo gufata amashusho, urwo rubanza rugaragaza ibyago ku mategeko bijyanye no kwandika no gukwirakwiza ibintu binenga Leta.

John Williams Ntwali, umunyamakuru wari yabwiye Human Rights Watch ko yahawe amagambo y'ihohoterwa, yapfuye mu impanuka y'imodoka yakekwagaho ibintu bidasobanutse mu 2023. Uko abanyamakuru bazimira, bafungwa, kandi bapfa, nk'uko byanditswe na RSF na Freedom House, bigaragaza imiterere rusange y'igihugu aho igikorwa cyo gufata amashusho kirebana n'ibikorwa by'ubuyobozi gifite ibyago birenze ku byo itegeko rimwe rishobora kuvuga.

Isano n'Itegeko Ryerekeye Ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside

Itegeko Nº 84/2013 Ryerekeye Icyaha cy'Ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside n'Ibindi Byaha Bijyanye Na Yo, nk'uko ryahinduwe mu 2018, rishyiraho urundi rwego rw'ibyago ku mategeko ku bikubiye mu majwi cyangwa amashusho byafashwe. Iri tegeko riteganya igifungo cy'imyaka itanu kugeza kuri irindwi ku uhakana, ugabanya ubukana, cyangwa utoteza Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yo mu 1994. Rirebana n'amagambo yavuzwe binyuze mu nyandiko, disikuru, amafoto, itangazamakuru, n'ubundi buryo, harimo imbuga nkoranyambaga n'urubuga rwa interineti.

Amajwi cyangwa amashusho ayo ari yo yose afata cyangwa akekwaho gufata ibikubiye bifatwa nk'ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside afite ibyago byo gutera inshingano hakurikijwe iri tegeko igihe bikwirakwijwe. Iri tegeko ryanenzwe n'imiryango mpuzamahanga nka Human Rights Watch na ARTICLE 19 kubera amagambo adasobanutse neza ashobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bwagutse ku banenga politiki ya Leta. Umuntu ufata igikorwa cy'ubuyobozi hanyuma agakwirakwiza ayo mashusho ashobora guhura n'ingaruka hakurikijwe ingingo z'ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside, iyo inzego zibona ko ibyo bikubiye bigabanya ubukana cyangwa bitoteza ibyabaye mu mateka, n'ubwo intego y'ibanze yo gufata ayo mashusho yaba yari iyo kwandika amateka cyangwa iy'itangazamakuru.

Ahantu Hasanzwe n'Igenzura rya Leta

Urusobe rwa Kamera za CCTV muri Kigali

Kuva mu 2020, Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yashyizeho urusobe runini rwa kamera za CCTV ku mihanda minini ya Kigali, ku masangano, n'ahantu hasanzwe. Izo kamera zihuza n'ikigo nyobozi hagati gicungwa na Polisi y'u Rwanda kandi zikorera mu kugenzura umuhanda, gukumira ibyaha, no kurinda umutekano wa rubanda. Umugambi Nyamukuru wa Guverinoma wa Smart City ugamije kongera kwagura ibyo bikoresho by'igenzura, harimo kamera zipima umuvuduko, kamera ku matara y'umuhanda, n'ibikoresho bisoma pulaki z'imodoka.

Urufatiro rw'Amategeko ku Igenzura rya Leta

Igenzura rikorwa na Leta ahantu hasanzwe ryemewe hakurikijwe amategeko y'umutekano rusange y'u Rwanda n'inshingano nini za Polisi y'u Rwanda. Gushyiraho kamera za CCTV za Leta ntibitanga uburenganzira ku baturage b'abikorera bwo gukora igenzura ryabo ku giti cyabo muri ayo hantu.

Abaturage bafata amashusho y'abandi bantu ahantu hasanzwe nta ruhushya bakomeza kubazwa hakurikijwe amategeko y'ifatwa ry'itumanaho, ay'ikurikirana no kwibasira abandi ku ikoranabuhanga (cyberstalking), n'ay'ukurinda amakuru bwite. Kuba hari kamera ya Leta ifata ahantu hamwe ntibihindura inshingano z'amategeko z'abikorera. Byongeye kandi, Ingingo ya 126 y'Itegeko Nº 24/2016 iha Minisitiri ushinzwe Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho ububasha bunini bwo guhagarika itumanaho iryo ari ryo ryose ry'abikorera rigaragara ko ribangamiye ubusugire bw'Igihugu. Iyi ngingo, isomwa hamwe n'urwego rwo gufata itumanaho, ishyiraho imiterere y'igenzura rya Leta ryuzuye rikorera hejuru no hamwe n'ibigenzura bishyizweho ku gufata amajwi n'amashusho by'abikorera.

Imiyoborere ya Digitale y'u Rwanda n'Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga

Smart Africa n'Intego za Digitale

U Rwanda rwiyongereye mu bihugu bya Afurika bigenda imbere cyane mu ikoranabuhanga. Igihugu gifite icyicaro cy'Ubunyamabanga bwa Smart Africa Alliance i Kigali kandi rwashoye imari nyinshi mu bikoresho bya interineti y'umuvuduko mwinshi, serivisi za Leta zikorerwa kuri interineti, n'iterambere ry'urwego rw'ikoranabuhanga. Umushinga wa Digital Acceleration Project utegurwa na Banki y'Isi, ugera hafi kuri Dolari z'Amerika Miliyoni 200, uzakomeza kugeza mu 2026, ugamije kwagura kubona interineti y'umuvuduko mwinshi no gushyira serivisi za Leta kuri digitale.

Itegeko Nº 058/2021 ryashinzwe ku bushake ku mahame mpuzamahanga yo kurinda amakuru kugira ngo ryerekane ubwiyemezo bw'u Rwanda mu kwizerwa ku miyoborere ya digitale. Uruhare rwa NCSA rukubiyemo inshingano ebyiri, urwo kuba urwego rw'umutekano ku ikoranabuhanga n'urwo kugenzura kurinda amakuru, rugaragaza uburyo buhuriweho bwo kugenzura ikoranabuhanga.

Kwinjira mu Masezerano ya Budapest (Mutarama 2025)

Ku wa 10 Mutarama 2025, u Rwanda rwashyikirije inyandiko yo kwinjira mu Masezerano y'Inama y'Uburayi ku Byaha ku Ikoranabuhanga (Amasezerano ya Budapest, ETS 185), hamwe n'Amasezerano Ahuriweho Yongewe ku bikubiye mu ivangura rishingiye ku moko no kwanga abanyamahanga binyuze muri sisitemu za mudasobwa (ETS 189). U Rwanda rwabaye kimwe mu bihugu bike bya Afurika byinjiye mu buryo bwemewe mu Masezerano ya Budapest, ashyiraho amahame mpuzamahanga yo gufata nk'icyaha kwinjira mu buryo butemewe, guhungabanya amakuru, guhungabanya sisitemu, no gufata amakuru y'ibikubiye mu butumwa.

Kwinjira muri ayo masezerano bigaragaza uko u Rwanda rugenda ruhuza amategeko yarwo n'amahame y'Uburayi ku byaha ku ikoranabuhanga, ndetse n'ubwiyemezo bwo gukorana n'ibindi bihugu mu iperereza ku byaha byo gufata itumanaho mu buryo bwa digitale. Ingingo z'Amasezerano ya Budapest zerekeye gufata itumanaho, cyane cyane izirebana no gukusanya amakuru y'imigendekere mu gihe nyacyo n'ifatwa ry'amakuru y'ibikubiye mu butumwa, zizafasha u Rwanda mu iterambere ry'amabwiriza y'ishyirwa mu bikorwa azaza hakurikijwe Itegeko Nº 60/2018 n'Itegeko Nº 60/2013.

Politiki y'Igihugu ku Bwenge Bukoranwa - AI (2023)

Ku wa 20 Mata 2023, Inama y'Abaminisitiri y'u Rwanda yemeje Politiki y'Igihugu ku Bwenge Bukoranwa (Artificial Intelligence, AI), bituma u Rwanda ruba igihugu cya mbere cya Afurika rufite politiki y'igihugu yuzuye ku ikoranabuhanga rya AI. Minisiteri y'Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho n'Uhanga (MINICT) ni yo iyobora ishyirwa mu bikorwa, naho NCSA igenzura ukubahiriza kw'amategeko yo kurinda amakuru mu masisitemu akoresha AI. Muri Gashyantare 2025, u Rwanda rwasinye Itangazo ku Bwenge Bukoranwa Buboneye Bose kandi Burambye, hamwe n'Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe, Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, G20, n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye.

AI, Deepfakes, n'Ibinyamakuru Byakozwe mu Buryo bw'Ikoranabuhanga

Urwego rw'Amategeko Rusanzwe

Kugeza muri Gicurasi 2026, u Rwanda ntirurashyiraho itegeko ryihariye rigenga amajwi cyangwa amashusho akorwa n'ikoranabuhanga rya AI, deepfakes, cyangwa ibinyamakuru byakozwe mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga. Politiki y'Igihugu ku Bwenge Bukoranwa (2023) ishyiraho amahame y'imiyoborere ariko ntishyiraho ibyaha bishya.

Urwego rw'amategeko rusanzwe rutanga uburinzi butuzuye binyuze mu nzira eshatu:

• Itegeko Nº 058/2021 (Kurinda Amakuru Bwite): Ibinyamakuru byakozwe na AI birimo amakuru bwite y'umuntu ushobora kumenyekana, harimo ijwi rye cyangwa isura ye, bifatwa nk'amakuru bwite hakurikijwe insobanuro z'iri tegeko. Gutunganya ayo makuru bisaba urufatiro rwemewe n'amategeko no kubahiriza amahame yo kugabanya amakuru akusanywa, kugarukira ku ntego, no kuba nyayo. Gukora deepfake y'umuntu ushobora kumenyekana nta ruhushya afite ntibisobanukiwe n'urufatiro rw'amategeko rwemewe.
• Ingingo ya 35 y'Itegeko Nº 60/2018 (Gukurikirana no Kwibasira Abandi ku Ikoranabuhanga): Ihame ryo kubuza gufata amajwi cyangwa amashusho y'umuntu nta ruhushya hakoreshejwe igikoresho cya mudasobwa rishobora gukurikizwa ku bikoresho bya AI bikura kandi bikatunganya ijwi cyangwa isura y'umuntu byafashwe kugira ngo bikorwe ibinyamakuru bishya, bitewe n'uko ibikoresho by'inkomoko byabonetse. Iyo amajwi cyangwa amashusho y'inkomoko yafashwe nta ruhushya, ibikubiye bishya byakozwe binyuze muri byo bikorwa biva mu bintu byabonetse mu buryo butemewe.
• Ingingo ya 38 y'Itegeko Nº 60/2018 (Ibikubiye bibi mu buryo bwa Elegitoroniki): Iyi ngingo ibuza kohereza ubutumwa bubi mu buryo bwa elegitoroniki, ibihano bikiyongera iyo ibikubiye ari ibinyoma cyangwa bigenewe umwana. Amashusho ya deepfake afite imico y'ibitsina cyangwa ashyira amagambo y'ibinyoma mu kanwa k'umuntu ushobora kumenyekana, afatwa nk'ibikubiye bibi cyangwa by'ibinyoma bya elegitoroniki hakurikijwe iyi ngingo. Ibihano: igifungo cy'amezi atandatu kugeza ku myaka ibiri hiyongereyeho RWF 1.000.000 kugeza kuri 2.000.000, kikazamuka kikagera ku myaka itatu kugeza kuri itanu iyo ibikubiye ari ibinyoma cyangwa bigenewe umwana.

Iterambere Ritegerejwe mu Mategeko

Ibiro bya AI biri muri Minisiteri y'Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho, hamwe n'ubufatanye bw'u Rwanda na Singapore ku Gitabo cy'Imikorere ya AI ku Bihugu Bito (Nzeri 2024), bigaragaza ko amabwiriza yihariye ku miyoborere ya AI ari mu nzira yo gutegurwa. Kubera ko urwego rw'u Rwanda rwo kurinda amakuru ruhuye n'urwa GDPR, ndetse n'uko Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi wemeje Itegeko rya AI (AI Act), bishoboka ko u Rwanda ruzashyiraho ingingo zihariye ku AI mu bikoresho byarwo bisanzwe byo kurinda amakuru n'ibyaha ku ikoranabuhanga. Ibigo bikoresha ibikoresho bya AI byo kwandika ibivugwa, gusesengura ijwi, cyangwa gukora ibinyamakuru bishya mu Rwanda bikwiye gukurikirana amabwiriza ya NCSA na MINICT ku byahindutse mu mategeko.

Incamake y'Ibihano

Urutonde rw'Ibigomba Kubahirizwa n'Ibigo

Ibigo bikorera mu Rwanda cyangwa bitunganya amakuru bwite y'abaturage b'u Rwanda bikwiye gufata ingamba zikurikira:

• Kwiyandikisha muri NCSA. Abacunga n'abatunganya amakuru bose bagomba kwiyandikisha binyuze mu Biro Bishinzwe Kurinda Amakuru Bwite kuri dpo.gov.rw. Ibi birebana n'ikigo cyose gifata amahamagara, kibika dosiye z'amajwi/amashusho, cyangwa gitunganya amakuru bwite.
• Gusuzuma sisitemu zifata amajwi n'amashusho. Menya sisitemu zose zifata amajwi, amashusho, cyangwa amakuru y'itumanaho, harimo sisitemu za terefone, imbuga zo guterana inama, kamera za CCTV, ibikoresho by'ibigo bishinzwe kwakira abakiriya, na porogaramu zifata amajwi z'abakiriya.
• Kubona uruhushya rugaragara rw'abagize ikiganiro bose. Mbere yo gufata ihamagara, inama, cyangwa ikiganiro icyo ari cyo cyose, bona uruhushya rwanditse rw'abagize ikiganiro bose. Gutangaza ubutumwa bumenyesha bisohoza ibisabwa mu kumenyesha ariko bigomba kubamo n'uburyo nyabwo bwo kwanga.
• Gushyiraho Umukozi Ushinzwe Kurinda Amakuru. Ibigo bitunganya amakuru bwite bikwiye gushyiraho umukozi ushinzwe kugenzura ukubahiriza amategeko no guhuza n'NCSA. Amabwiriza ya NCSA yo muri Nyakanga 2024 arebana by'umwihariko n'ibigo by'amahanga bikorera binyuze ku bahagarariye baho.
• Gukora isuzuma ry'ingaruka ku kurinda amakuru. Suzuma ibyago mbere yo gushyira mu bikorwa sisitemu nshya iyo ari yo yose yo gufata amajwi/amashusho cyangwa igenzura, by'umwihariko izikoresha amakuru ya biometrike cyangwa isesengura rikoresha AI.
• Kugenzura ko amakuru atoherezwa mu buryo bunyuranyije n'amategeko hanze y'igihugu. Iyo amakuru yafashwe agiye kohererezwa hanze y'u Rwanda, banza umenye ko igihugu kiyakira gifite urwego rukwiye rwo kurinda amakuru nk'uko NCSA ibisaba, cyangwa bona impamyabushobozi isabwa mbere yo kubohereza.
• Kubika inyandiko z'itunganywa ry'amakuru. Bika inyandiko zirambuye z'ibikorwa byose byo gutunganya amakuru bwite harimo amajwi n'amashusho byafashwe, intego zabyo, urufatiro rwemewe n'amategeko, n'igihe bizabikwa.
• Guha abakozi amahugurwa. Abakozi bose bagomba gusobanukirwa ko gufata ibiganiro nta ruhushya rw'abagize ikiganiro bose ari icyaha mu Rwanda gihanishwa igifungo kigera ku myaka ibiri.
• Gukurikirana amabwiriza ya NCSA. Urwego rw'ubugenzuzi bw'u Rwanda rugenda rukura buri gihe. Iyandikishe ku makuru mashya ya NCSA na DPO kugira ngo ukurikirane inshingano zo kubahiriza amategeko uko urwego rw'ubugenzuzi bw'amakuru rugenda rugera ku rugero rwiza.

Itangazo

Iyi ngingo itanga amakuru rusange y'amategeko agenga gufata amajwi n'amashusho hamwe n'itumanaho mu Rwanda. Ntabwo ari inama z'amategeko kandi ntabwo ivuga ku bibazo byihariye by'umuntu cyangwa iby'ubucuruzi runaka. Aya makuru yasuzumwe hakurikijwe inkomoko ziboneka kugeza ku wa 15 Gicurasi 2026. Amategeko avuzwe muri iyi ngingo agaragaza uko ameze mu gihe akiri agikurikizwa kugeza kuri uwo munsi.

Amategeko y'u Rwanda agenda ahinduka binyuze mu mategeko mashya, amabwiriza, n'amabwiriza yo gukurikiza ya NCSA. Abantu cyangwa ibigo bafite ibibazo byihariye ku kubahiriza amategeko bakwiye kubaza umunyamategeko wemerewe gukorera mu Rwanda ufite ubumenyi buherutse ku mategeko akurikizwa n'amabwiriza y'ubugenzuzi.

Uru rubuga ntabwo ari ikigo cy'abanyamategeko kandi ntirushyiraho isano y'umunyamategeko n'umukiriya n'abasomyi.

---

Byavuguruwe bwa nyuma: 2026-05-15. Amategeko avuzwe muri iyi ngingo agaragaza uko ameze mu gihe akiri agikurikizwa kugeza kuri 2026-05-15.

Frequently Asked Questions

Ese u Rwanda rusaba uruhushya rw'abagize ikiganiro bose kugira ngo bafate amajwi?

Yego. U Rwanda risaba uruhushya rw'abagize ikiganiro bose mbere y'uko itumanaho iryo ari ryo ryose rifatwa. Itegeko Nº 60/2013 ribuza gufata itumanaho iryo ari ryo ryose, ry'abantu bombi cyangwa iry'abikorera, nta ruhushya rw'Umushinjacyaha w'Igihugu wagenwe, kandi nta cyemezo cyihariye gishingiye ku ruhushya rw'umuntu umwe cyemerewe abaturage basanzwe. Gufata ihamagara, ikiganiro biba aho bantu bahurira, cyangwa itumanaho rya digitale, uri mu bagize icyo kiganiro nta kubimenyesha, birenga ku itegeko.

Ese ni byemewe gufata ihamagara mu Rwanda niba ndi umwe mu barigize?

Oya. U Rwanda ntirwemera uruhushya rushingiye ku muntu umwe gusa mu gufata amajwi. N'ubwo waba uri umwe mu bagize iryo hamagara, ugomba kubona uruhushya rw'abandi bose mbere yuko ifatwa ritangira. Gufata itumanaho nta ruhushya ni icyaha hakurikijwe Itegeko Nº 60/2013, kandi gufata itumanaho mu buryo bwa digitale gihanishwa hakurikijwe Ingingo ya 19 y'Itegeko Nº 60/2018 igifungo cy'umwaka umwe kugeza kuri ibiri n'ihazabu ya RWF 1.000.000 kugeza kuri 3.000.000.

Ni nde ushobora kwemeza mu buryo bwemewe gufata itumanaho mu Rwanda?

Ni Umushinjacyaha w'Igihugu gusa ushyizweho na Minisitiri ushinzwe Ubutabera ushobora kwemeza gufata itumanaho. Icyifuzo kigomba gutangwa n'urumwe mu nzego eshatu z'umutekano: Ingabo z'u Rwanda (RDF), Polisi y'u Rwanda (RNP), cyangwa Serivisi y'Igihugu Ishinzwe Iperereza n'Umutekano (NISS). Nta rundi rwego rwa Leta, ikigo cy'abikorera, cyangwa umuntu ku giti cye ufite ubwo bubasha hakurikijwe Ingingo ya 9 y'Itegeko Nº 60/2013.

Ese nshobora gufatwa kubera gufata amashusho ya polisi cyangwa abayobozi ba Leta mu Rwanda?

Gufata amashusho ya polisi cyangwa abayobozi ba Leta nta ruhushya bafite bifite ibyago ku mategeko hakurikijwe urwego rumwe rusaba uruhushya rw'abagize ikiganiro bose rukurikizwa ku mafoto n'amashusho yose. Nta cyemezo cy'itegeko gitanga uburenganzira bwo gufata amashusho y'abayobozi bakora imirimo yabo ya rubanda. Hejuru y'inshingano ku mategeko, u Rwanda rwaje ku mwanya wa 146 ku 180 mu Iserukiramwe rya RSF ku Bwisanzure bw'Itangazamakuru ryo mu 2025. Igenzura ry'iperereza ku banyamakuru n'abanenga Leta ryanditswe. Gufata amashusho no gukwirakwiza amashusho y'ibikorwa bya Leta ni igikorwa gifite ibyago byinshi mu Rwanda kandi gishobora gutuma uwafashe ashinjwa hakurikijwe amategeko yo gufata itumanaho, ay'ubuzima bwite, cyangwa ay'ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside, bitewe n'ibikubiye mu byo yafashe.

Ni iki Ingingo ya 35 y'Itegeko Nº 60/2018 ivuga ku byerekeye gufata amajwi n'amashusho?

Ingingo ya 35 y'Itegeko Nº 60/2018 Ryerekeye Kwirinda no Guhana Ibyaha ku Ikoranabuhanga isobanura ko gukurikirana no kwibasira abandi ku ikoranabuhanga (cyberstalking) bikubiyemo gufata amafoto, amashusho, cyangwa amajwi y'umuntu uwo ari we wese nta ruhushya cyangwa ubumenyi bwe afite, hakoreshejwe igikoresho cya mudasobwa. Iyi ngingo ikurikizwa ku gufata mu buryo bwihishe amashusho y'abantu hakoreshejwe telefoni zigezweho cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bihuza na interineti, kandi bihanishwa igifungo cy'amezi atandatu kugeza ku myaka ibiri hiyongereyeho ihazabu ya RWF 1.000.000 kugeza kuri 2.000.000.

NCSA ni iki, kandi ni iki ikora ku byerekeye gufata amajwi n'amashusho no kurinda amakuru?

NCSA (Ikigo cy'Igihugu gishinzwe Umutekano ku Ikoranabuhanga) ni cyo kigo cy'u Rwanda gishinzwe kugenzura ibirebana n'umutekano ku ikoranabuhanga n'ukurinda amakuru bwite byombi. Cyashinzwe mu 2017, gitangiza Ibiro Bishinzwe Kurinda Amakuru Bwite (DPO) mu 2022 kugira ngo bikurikize Itegeko Nº 058/2021. NCSA yandikisha abacunga n'abatunganya amakuru, itanga amabwiriza yo kubahiriza amategeko, ikora iperereza, kandi ishobora gutanga ibihano by'ubuyobozi. Ikigo icyo ari cyo cyose gifata amahamagara cyangwa gitunganya amakuru bwite mu Rwanda kigomba kwiyandikisha muri NCSA binyuze kuri dpo.gov.rw.

Ese ibigo bigomba kwiyandikisha muri NCSA niba bifata amahamagara y'abakiriya mu Rwanda?

Yego. Ikigo icyo ari cyo cyose gifata amahamagara cyangwa gitunganya amakuru bwite y'abantu mu Rwanda kigomba kwiyandikisha muri NCSA nk'ucunga amakuru cyangwa unonosora amakuru. Gukorera nta kwiyandikisha bishobora gutuma ihazabu ya RWF 2.000.000 kugeza kuri 5.000.000 cyangwa ijana ku ijana rimwe (1%) ry'amafaranga kigo cyinjiza mu mwaka itangwa hakurikijwe Itegeko Nº 058/2021. Ibigo bigomba na none kubona uruhushya rugaragara rw'abagize ikiganiro bose mbere yo gufata ihamagara iryo ari ryo ryose.

Ese amashusho ya deepfake cyangwa amajwi/amashusho akozwe na AI ntabwo yemewe mu Rwanda?

Kugeza muri Gicurasi 2026, u Rwanda ntirufite itegeko ryihariye rigenga deepfakes cyangwa ibinyamakuru byakozwe na AI mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga. Icyakora, amategeko asanzwe atanga uburinzi butuzuye. Itegeko Nº 058/2021 risaba urufatiro rwemewe n'amategeko mu gutunganya amakuru bwite harimo ijwi cyangwa isura byakozwe n'ikoranabuhanga. Ingingo ya 38 y'Itegeko Nº 60/2018 ibuza gutangaza ibikubiye bibi cyangwa by'ibinyoma bya elegitoroniki, ibihano bikagera ku myaka itatu kugeza kuri itanu iyo ibikubiye ari ibinyoma cyangwa bigenewe umwana. Ingingo ya 35 y'Itegeko Nº 60/2018 ishobora gukurikizwa iyo amajwi cyangwa amashusho by'inkomoko yakoreshejwe mu gukora ibinyamakuru bishya yafashwe nta ruhushya. Politiki ya AI y'u Rwanda (2023) n'uruhare rwarwo mu miyoborere mpuzamahanga ya AI bigaragaza ko amabwiriza yihariye ateganyijwe kuzaza.

Kwinjira kw'u Rwanda mu Masezerano ya Budapest mu 2025 bisobanura iki ku mategeko agenga gufata itumanaho?

U Rwanda rwashyikirije inyandiko yo kwinjira mu Masezerano y'Inama y'Uburayi ya Budapest ku Byaha ku Ikoranabuhanga ku wa 10 Mutarama 2025. Amasezerano ya Budapest ashyiraho amahame mpuzamahanga yo gufata nk'icyaha gufata amakuru y'ibikubiye mu butumwa no guhungabanya sisitemu za mudasobwa. Kwinjira muri ayo masezerano bigaragaza ubwiyemezo bw'u Rwanda bwo guhuza urwego rwarwo rw'ibyaha ku ikoranabuhanga n'amahame y'Uburayi no kugira uruhare mu bufatanye mpuzamahanga mu iperereza ku byaha byo gufata itumanaho mu buryo bwa digitale. Ntibihindura ibibujijwe n'amategeko y'imbere mu gihugu asanzweho, akaba asanzwe yuzuye, ariko bishobora gutera imbere iterambere ry'amabwiriza y'ishyirwa mu bikorwa hakurikijwe Itegeko Nº 60/2018 kugira ngo imigenzereze y'u Rwanda ihuze bikomeye n'ibisabwa n'Amasezerano ya Budapest.