Defamation Laws
Croatia Defamation Laws: Civil, Criminal & Defences
In Croatia defamation is both criminal and civil. The Criminal Code punishes insult and calumny with fines; civil claims allow damages.
6 min read
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Defamation Laws
Colombia Defamation Laws: Civil & Criminal
Colombia defamation is civil and criminal: injuria (Art 220) and calumnia (Art 221) are crimes under the Penal Code (Law 599/2000), with prison and fines.
7 min read
Defamation Laws
Chile Defamation Laws: Civil, Criminal & Defences
Chile defamation is civil and criminal: calumnia and injuria are Penal Code crimes (Arts 412-431), and victims can also sue for civil damages.
7 min read
Defamation Laws
Bulgaria Defamation Laws: Civil, Criminal & Defences
In Bulgaria defamation is both criminal and civil. Criminal Code Articles 146 to 148 punish insult and defamation with fines, not prison.
6 min read
Defamation Laws
Belgium Defamation Laws: Civil, Criminal & Defences
In Belgium defamation is both criminal and civil. Penal Code arts 443 to 453 punish calomnie and diffamation; Civil Code art 1382 allows damages.
8 min read
Defamation Laws
Austria Defamation Laws: Civil, Criminal & Defences
In Austria defamation is both criminal and civil. StGB sections 111, 115 and 297 create the offences; ABGB 1330 and the Media Act allow damages.
8 min read
Defamation Laws
Argentina Defamation Laws: Civil & Criminal
Argentina defamation is civil and criminal, but since Law 26.551 (2009) calumnia and injurias carry fines only, never prison, not for public matters.
7 min read
Defamation Laws
Spain Defamation Laws: Civil, Criminal & Defences
Spain treats defamation as both a crime (calumnia and injurias in the Penal Code) and a civil wrong under Organic Law 1/1982 on honour.
7 min read
Defamation Laws
South Africa Defamation Laws: Civil & Defences
Defamation in South Africa is now a civil delict only. Parliament abolished the common-law crime of defamation in 2024. Defences, damages and how to sue.
7 min read
Defamation Laws
Singapore Defamation Laws: Civil & Criminal
Defamation in Singapore is both civil (Defamation Act 1957) and criminal (Penal Code 499/500, up to 2 years), with online falsehoods under POFMA 2019.
8 min read
Defamation Laws
Philippines Defamation Laws: Libel & Cyber Libel
The Philippines treats defamation as both a crime (libel, Revised Penal Code) and a civil wrong, with cyber libel under RA 10175 carrying higher penalties.
8 min read
Defamation Laws
Pakistan Defamation Laws: Civil & Criminal
Defamation in Pakistan is both civil (Defamation Ordinance 2002, Punjab Act 2024) and criminal (Penal Code 499/500), with online liability under PECA.
8 min read