Washington Laws on Recording in Public: What Is Legal and What Is Not (2026)

In Washington, silent video and photography in public are legal under the First Amendment. Audio recording is different: RCW 9.73.030 requires all-party consent for private conversations, even when those conversations occur in a public place.

Washington protects the right to record in public spaces, but the rules are more nuanced than in many other states. The First Amendment broadly permits photography and videography in public. However, Washington's two-party consent law under RCW 9.73.030 applies to the audio capture of private conversations, even when those conversations occur in public places. The key question is always whether the persons being recorded had a reasonable expectation of privacy in their conversation.

This guide explains what you can and cannot record in public spaces in Washington.

The First Amendment and Public Recording

Your Constitutional Right to Record

The First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to photograph, film, and record in public spaces. This right has been repeatedly affirmed by federal courts and extends to:

• Public streets, sidewalks, and parks
• Government buildings open to the public
• Public transportation facilities and vehicles
• Public events, protests, and demonstrations
• Police officers performing their duties in public
• Public officials conducting public business

No permit or special authorization is needed to record in these spaces, and government officials cannot impose prior restraints on recording absent exceptional circumstances.

Limits of the First Amendment Right

The right to record in public is not absolute. Restrictions may apply when:

• Recording on private property: Property owners can prohibit recording on their premises and ask you to leave.
• Recording interferes with government operations: You may be asked to step back from active crime scenes, emergency operations, or secure government facilities.
• Recording constitutes harassment or stalking: Repeatedly recording a specific individual in a manner that constitutes harassment may violate Washington's stalking statute (RCW 9A.46.110).
• Restricted areas: Certain government facilities (military bases, courtrooms in session, secure areas of airports) may restrict recording.

When Public Recording Becomes Private

The "Private Conversation" Threshold

Washington's Privacy Act under RCW 9.73.030 applies to "private" communications and conversations. A conversation can be private even if it takes place in a public location. The Washington Supreme Court applies a multi-factor test, set out in State v. Clark, 129 Wn.2d 211 (1996), and applied in State v. Townsend, 147 Wn.2d 666 (2002), to determine whether a conversation is private:

• The subjective intention of the parties regarding privacy
• The duration and subject matter of the communication
• The location where the conversation takes place
• The presence of potential third parties who might overhear
• The relationship between the consenting and nonconsenting parties

Examples: Private vs. Non-Private in Public

The key question is whether a reasonable person in the speaker's position would expect their words to be confined to the people they were addressing.

Recording Public Events

Protests and Demonstrations

You have a First Amendment right to record protests, marches, and public demonstrations in Washington from places where you are lawfully present. The Ninth Circuit, which covers Washington, has recognized a First Amendment right to film matters of public interest, including police officers doing their jobs in public (Fordyce v. City of Seattle, 1995; Askins v. DHS, 2018). That right is subject to reasonable time, place, and manner limits. Key points:

• You may record from any public space where you have a legal right to be
• Police generally cannot order you to stop recording simply because you are recording, but they can order a crowd to disperse or tell you to move back from an active scene. Comply with those orders and keep recording from where you are allowed to be
• Other protesters cannot legally prevent you from recording in public
• You may livestream public demonstrations

Concerts, Festivals, and Entertainment Events

Public entertainment events present mixed rules:

• Public events on public property (street fairs, park concerts): Recording is generally permitted unless the organizer has obtained permits that restrict recording.
• Private events on private property (concerts at venues, ticketed events): The venue operator or event organizer can prohibit recording as a condition of entry. These restrictions are typically communicated through signage, ticket terms, or announcements.
• Intellectual property: Recording a live performance may violate copyright law separately from Washington recording law.

Public Meetings

Washington's Open Public Meetings Act (RCW 42.30) requires that meetings of governing bodies be open to the public. Under RCW 42.30.220:

• Public agencies are encouraged to make audio or video recordings of, or stream, all regular meetings
• Agencies are encouraged to make recordings available online for at least six months

The Act does not expressly address recording by members of the public. Recording an open meeting is generally treated as part of attending it, but a governing body may set generally applicable conditions to prevent interruption of the meeting (RCW 42.30.040). Check the body's meeting rules and record without disrupting the proceedings.

The Journalist Exception

Special Rules for News Gathering

Washington provides a unique exception for journalists under RCW 9.73.030(4). Employees of regularly published newspapers, magazines, wire services, radio stations, or television stations may record without making an announcement if:

• They are acting in a bona fide news gathering capacity
• They may be full-time, part-time, or contract employees
• Their recording device is "readily apparent or obvious" to the speakers

This means a journalist holding a visible microphone, camera, or recording device in a public setting can record conversations without separately announcing that recording is taking place. The equipment itself serves as the notice.

Who Qualifies as a Journalist?

The statute applies to employees of established media organizations. The exception may not cover:

• Independent bloggers without affiliation to a media organization
• Social media content creators without a news gathering purpose
• Citizen journalists who are not employed by a qualifying media outlet

However, the broader First Amendment right to record in public applies to everyone, regardless of journalistic credentials.

Recording in Specific Public Locations

Retail Stores and Businesses

Retail stores and businesses open to the public are private property, even though the public is invited in. The property owner sets the rules:

• The business can prohibit recording on its premises
• "No recording" policies must be communicated through signage or staff instructions
• If you are asked to stop recording and refuse, you may be asked to leave and could face trespass charges under RCW 9A.52.080 if you remain
• Audio recording of private conversations in the store requires all-party consent regardless of the store's policy

Restaurants and Bars

Similar rules apply to restaurants and bars:

• The establishment can prohibit recording on its premises
• Audio recording of private conversations between other patrons requires all-party consent
• Recording your own conversation at a table is legal if all participants consent

Public Transportation

Recording on public transportation in Washington (buses, light rail, ferries) is generally permitted in common passenger areas. However:

• Audio recording of private conversations between other passengers may trigger RCW 9.73.030
• Transit agencies may have policies regarding recording
• Recording in areas where passengers have a reasonable expectation of privacy (such as enclosed compartments) may be restricted

Parks and Recreational Areas

Recording in Washington's public parks and recreational areas is broadly permitted:

• Photography and videography in state parks managed by Washington State Parks is allowed for personal use
• Commercial photography and filming may require a permit from the managing agency
• Audio recording of private conversations between other park visitors requires consent

Government Buildings

Recording in government buildings that are open to the public is generally permitted in public areas:

• Lobbies, hallways, and public meeting rooms: Recording is generally permitted where the public is allowed, though agencies and courts may post reasonable rules for their buildings
• Courtrooms: Recording is typically controlled by the presiding judge and court rules. Washington courts have adopted specific rules governing electronic recording in courtrooms.
• Secure areas: Recording may be prohibited in secure areas such as jail facilities, evidence rooms, and restricted government offices

Drone Recording in Public

FAA and State Rules

Drone recording in public airspace is regulated by both federal and state law:

• The FAA regulates drone operations under 14 CFR Part 107
• Silent drone video over public spaces is generally permitted within FAA rules
• Drone audio that captures private conversations may trigger RCW 9.73.030
• Drone surveillance of private property where residents have a reasonable expectation of privacy may violate voyeurism and trespass laws

Local Drone Restrictions

Several Washington cities and parks have enacted local ordinances restricting drone flights. Check local rules before flying.

Penalties for Illegal Public Recording

Criminal Penalties

Recording a private conversation without consent, even in a public place, is a gross misdemeanor under RCW 9.73.080:

Making the recording is the crime under RCW 9.73.080(1). The separate disclosure offense in RCW 9.73.080(2) applies only to police in-car camera recordings, but sharing an unlawful recording can still lead to a civil lawsuit under RCW 9.73.060.

Civil Liability

Under RCW 9.73.060, the recorded person may recover:

• Actual damages, including mental pain and suffering
• Liquidated damages of $100/day of violation (capped at $1,000)
• Reasonable attorney fees and costs

Inadmissibility

Under RCW 9.73.050, information obtained in violation of the Privacy Act is generally inadmissible in civil and criminal cases in Washington courts, with narrow exceptions, such as when the person whose rights were violated permits its use in a damages action.

More Washington Recording Laws

Audio Recording | Video Recording | Voyeurism & Hidden Cameras | Workplace Recording | Recording Police | Phone Call Recording | Security Cameras | Recording in Public | Landlord-Tenant | Dashcam Laws | Schools | Medical Recording

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Frequently Asked Questions

Is it legal to record in public in Washington?

Yes, video recording and photography in public spaces is generally legal under the First Amendment. However, audio recording of private conversations requires all-party consent under RCW 9.73.030, even if the conversation takes place in a public location. The key factor is whether the speakers had a reasonable expectation of privacy in their conversation.

Can I record someone in public without their permission in Washington?

You can take photos and silent video of people in public without their permission. However, recording the audio of a private conversation without consent from all parties violates RCW 9.73.030. If the conversation is not private, such as a public speech or a loud conversation easily overheard by passersby, no consent is needed.

Can I record a public meeting in Washington?

Generally, yes. Washington's Open Public Meetings Act (RCW 42.30) requires meetings of governing bodies to be open to the public, and RCW 42.30.220 encourages agencies to record their own regular meetings and post them online. The Act does not expressly address recording by members of the public, and a governing body may set reasonable rules to prevent disruption, so check the body's meeting rules and record without interrupting the proceedings.

Can a store tell me I cannot record inside?

Yes. Retail stores and businesses are private property, even though they are open to the public. The business owner can prohibit recording on the premises. If you are asked to stop recording and refuse to leave, you could face trespass charges. However, you may record from public property such as the sidewalk outside the store.

Do journalists have special recording rights in Washington?

Yes. Under RCW 9.73.030, employees of established media organizations acting in a bona fide news gathering capacity may record without making an announcement, as long as their recording equipment is readily apparent or obvious to the speakers. This exception applies to full-time, part-time, and contract employees of newspapers, magazines, wire services, radio stations, and television stations.