New Hampshire School Recording Laws

New Hampshire's all-party consent law, RSA 570-A:2, applies inside schools, making secret audio recording of private conversations by students, parents, or staff a criminal offense. School board meetings may be recorded freely under the Right-to-Know Law, and FERPA governs how schools handle recordings that identify individual students.

Recording in New Hampshire schools involves a complex intersection of the state's strict wiretapping law, student privacy protections under federal law, the Right-to-Know Law for public school board meetings, and practical safety considerations. Parents, students, teachers, and administrators all face specific legal rules about when and how recording may occur on school grounds.

This guide covers the legal framework for recording in schools, including school surveillance systems, parent recording of meetings, student recording rights, school board meeting recording, and the interplay between state and federal privacy laws.

The All-Party Consent Rule in Schools

How RSA 570-A:2 Applies to Schools

New Hampshire's wiretapping statute has one school-specific exception. Under RSA 570-A:2, II(k), a school bus operator may record audio along with video inside the bus while transporting students, if the school board authorizes it after a public hearing, the district notifies parents and students, and a sign is posted on the bus. Those recordings generally may not be kept longer than 10 school days.

Otherwise, the all-party consent requirement under RSA 570-A:2 applies on school grounds just as it does everywhere else. It protects conversations in which the speaker reasonably expects not to be recorded (RSA 570-A:1, II):

• Students cannot secretly record private conversations with teachers, counselors, administrators, or other students
• Parents cannot secretly record conversations with school staff during meetings, conferences, or phone calls
• Teachers and staff cannot secretly record conversations with students, parents, or colleagues
• **Administrators cannot record** meetings, disciplinary hearings, or parent conferences without consent from all participants

The two-tier criminal liability applies. A participant who knowingly records their own conversation without consent commits at least a misdemeanor under RSA 570-A:2, I-a. If the participant records willfully, meaning with intentional or reckless disregard for whether it is lawful, it is a Class B felony under RSA 570-A:2, I (State v. Clark, 2024 N.H. 64). Willfully intercepting a conversation you are not part of is the same Class B felony.

Why Parents Want to Record

Parents frequently want to record interactions with schools for several reasons:

• IEP (Individualized Education Program) meetings for students with disabilities
• Parent-teacher conferences to review discussion points later
• Disciplinary hearings where their child faces suspension or expulsion
• Conversations about bullying or safety concerns
• Documentation of school responses to complaints or requests

While these motivations are understandable, secret recording is not a legal option in New Hampshire. Parents must either obtain consent or use alternative documentation methods.

Recording at School Board Meetings

Right-to-Know Law Protections

New Hampshire's Right-to-Know Law (RSA 91-A:2, II) provides the clearest exception to the general consent requirement in the school context. Under this statute:

• Any person may use tape recorders, cameras, videotape equipment, and other recording devices at public school board meetings
• School boards cannot prohibit the use of recording devices during public sessions
• This includes regular school board meetings, budget hearings, and any other public session

School board meetings that are conducted in public session are fully open to recording. The Right-to-Know Law supersedes any school district policy that might attempt to prohibit recording at public sessions.

Nonpublic Sessions

School boards may enter nonpublic session under RSA 91-A:3 to discuss confidential matters such as:

• Personnel matters involving the dismissal, promotion, compensation, or discipline of specific employees
• Matters that could adversely affect the reputation of a person other than the board itself, which may include a specific student's situation depending on the circumstances
• Legal strategy for pending claims or litigation
• Student or pupil tuition contracts under RSA 91-A:3, II(k)

Recording is not permitted during nonpublic sessions unless the board specifically authorizes it. Parents attending a nonpublic session regarding their child should not assume they may record.

School Surveillance Systems

Where Schools Can Install Cameras

New Hampshire schools commonly use security cameras for safety purposes. Lawful camera placements include:

• Hallways and corridors for student safety monitoring
• Building entrances and exits for access control
• Cafeterias and common areas for behavior monitoring
• Parking lots and bus loading zones for transportation safety
• Gymnasium and athletic facilities common areas (not locker rooms or changing areas)
• School grounds including playgrounds and athletic fields

Where Cameras Are Prohibited

Under RSA 644:9, cameras are prohibited in private places regardless of the educational context:

• Student bathrooms and restrooms
• Locker rooms and changing areas
• Shower facilities
• Staff bathrooms
• Any area where students or staff have a reasonable expectation of complete privacy from visual observation

A first violation of RSA 644:9 is generally a Class A misdemeanor. Where a reasonable person knows or should know the person entitled to privacy is a child under 18, as in a student bathroom or locker room, it is a Class B felony, and a repeat offense of that kind is a Class A felony (RSA 644:9, VII).

Audio Recording in Schools

School surveillance systems that record audio are subject to the all-party consent requirement:

• Cameras with microphones that capture private student and teacher conversations in classrooms can trigger the all-party consent requirement, and getting everyone's consent is impractical
• Audio-only monitoring of classrooms risks violating RSA 570-A:2 without all-party consent wherever it picks up conversations the speakers reasonably expect are not being recorded
• Intercom systems that allow administrators to listen to classrooms raise wiretapping concerns if used for surveillance purposes
• Most schools disable audio on their security camera systems to avoid RSA 570-A:2 complications
• School bus cameras are the exception: they may record audio under RSA 570-A:2, II(k) if the school board authorizes it after a public hearing, parents and students are notified, and a sign is posted on the bus

Parent Recording at School Meetings

IEP and Special Education Meetings

Parents of students with disabilities often want to record IEP meetings to ensure they accurately capture the team's recommendations and decisions. In New Hampshire:

• You must request consent from all meeting participants before recording an IEP meeting
• The school may decline your request, in which case recording without everyone's consent would violate RSA 570-A:2
• Federal IDEA law does not create a right to record IEP meetings. U.S. Department of Education guidance published with the 1999 IDEA regulations says a school may prohibit or limit recording, but a policy that does so must allow exceptions when recording is necessary for the parent to understand the IEP or the IEP process (64 FR 12406, Appendix A, Question 21)
• If you need recording to follow the meeting, for example because of a disability or a language barrier, say so in your written request and ask for the district's policy
• Some school districts have policies addressing recording requests, which may allow recording with advance notice
• If the school refuses recording, you may bring a support person or advocate to take detailed notes

Parent-Teacher Conferences

The same rules apply to parent-teacher conferences and other school meetings:

• Obtain consent from the teacher and any other participants before recording
• If consent is denied, take detailed written notes during and after the meeting
• Send a follow-up email summarizing what was discussed to create a written record
• Bring a support person who can take notes and serve as a witness

Tips for Requesting Recording Permission

1. Make the request in writing before the meeting, giving the school time to respond
2. Explain your reason (e.g., "I would like to record so I can review the discussion about my child's reading goals")
3. Be prepared for a refusal and have alternative documentation plans ready
4. If the school agrees, record the consent on the recording itself
5. Offer to share the recording with all participants

Student Recording Rights and Restrictions

Can Students Record in Class?

New Hampshire's all-party consent law can make it a crime for a student to secretly record private conversations at school, and it is not settled how it applies to speech given to a whole class:

• Recording teacher lectures without the teacher's consent is risky: RSA 570-A:2 protects spoken words when the speaker reasonably expects not to be recorded, and it is not clear whether a lecture to a whole class qualifies, so get permission or an approved accommodation first
• Recording private conversations with classmates without their consent can violate RSA 570-A:2
• Cell phone policies in many New Hampshire schools further restrict student use of recording devices

Student Disability Accommodations

In limited circumstances, a student's disability-related needs may support a recording accommodation:

• A student with a learning disability may benefit from recording lectures for later review
• Such accommodations would typically be documented in an IEP or Section 504 plan
• The accommodation requires school agreement and is determined on a case-by-case basis
• Teachers must be informed that recording is an approved accommodation
• The recording should be used only for the student's educational benefit

Student Journalism

Student journalists at New Hampshire schools face the same all-party consent requirements as other citizens:

• Interviews must be conducted with the subject's consent before recording
• Recording school events such as assemblies and performances may require consent from speakers
• School-sanctioned journalism projects should include training on New Hampshire recording laws
• Recording at public school board meetings is protected under the Right-to-Know Law

FERPA and Student Privacy

Federal Privacy Protections

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA, 20 U.S.C. Section 1232g) imposes strict requirements on how schools handle student records, including recordings:

• School surveillance footage that identifies individual students is considered an education record if maintained by the school
• Schools cannot share such recordings with third parties without parental consent (or student consent if age 18+) except under specific FERPA exceptions
• Recordings made during disciplinary proceedings involving specific students are subject to FERPA protections
• Law enforcement may access school recordings under FERPA's law enforcement exception

The U.S. Department of Education provides guidance on FERPA compliance, including how it applies to school surveillance systems.

FERPA and Parent Recordings

If a parent legally records a school meeting with consent from all participants:

• The parent's recording is not subject to FERPA because it was not created or maintained by the school
• However, the recording may contain personally identifiable information about other students that should not be shared publicly
• Parents should use such recordings only for personal reference and avoid posting them publicly
• If the recording involves another student's disciplinary or educational information, sharing it publicly could raise privacy concerns

Teachers and Staff Recording Rights

Teacher Recording of Students

Teachers in New Hampshire cannot secretly record students:

• Audio recording of private conversations with students without their consent can violate RSA 570-A:2
• Video recording with audio follows the same rule
• Silent video of classroom activities is less clearly regulated but raises student privacy and FERPA concerns
• Schools may establish policies regarding teacher use of recording in educational settings

Staff Recording for Safety

When staff members need to document safety concerns:

• Written incident reports are the standard documentation method
• Silent video from school security cameras can be reviewed for evidence
• Witness statements from other staff members provide additional documentation
• Consulting school administration before any recording activity is recommended

Penalties for Illegal Recording in Schools

2024-2025 Court Rulings: In State v. Clark, 2024 N.H. 64 (N.H. Nov. 13, 2024), the New Hampshire Supreme Court held that the suppression remedy under RSA 570-A:6 applies only to felony violations of RSA 570-A:2, I, not to misdemeanor participant recordings under RSA 570-A:2, I-a. The court also made clear that a participant's own secret recording can be either a misdemeanor or a felony depending on the recorder's mental state: it is the Class B felony when done willfully, which means with intentional or reckless disregard for whether the recording is lawful (State v. Mueller, 166 N.H. 65 (2014)).

In State v. Hersom, No. 2023-0352 (N.H. Jan. 24, 2025), a non-precedential order, the court applied Clark and rejected the State's argument that one-party recordings can never be suppressed. It affirmed exclusion of a complainant's secret recording because the trial court found the State had not shown the recording was made outside New Hampshire or without knowledge that it was illegal.

Civil damages under RSA 570-A:11 of $100 per day or $1,000 minimum, plus punitive damages and attorney fees, also apply.

More New Hampshire Recording Laws

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Frequently Asked Questions

Can I record my child's IEP meeting in New Hampshire?

Only with consent from all participants. New Hampshire's all-party consent law requires every person at the meeting to agree before recording begins. Request permission in writing before the meeting. If the school declines, ask for its recording policy: federal guidance says a policy limiting IEP recording must allow exceptions when recording is needed for the parent to understand the IEP or the process. Otherwise, bring a support person to take notes and send a follow-up email summarizing the discussion.

Can I record a school board meeting in New Hampshire?

Yes. New Hampshire's Right-to-Know Law (RSA 91-A:2, II) explicitly permits recording at public school board meetings. Any person may use cameras, tape recorders, and video equipment at public sessions. School boards cannot prohibit this recording. However, nonpublic sessions are not open to recording.

Can schools have security cameras in hallways in New Hampshire?

Yes. Schools may install silent video security cameras in hallways, cafeterias, common areas, entrances, and parking lots. Cameras are prohibited in bathrooms, locker rooms, and changing areas under RSA 644:9. Audio-enabled cameras in schools can trigger the all-party consent requirement when they capture private conversations. The exception is school bus cameras that record audio under the board-authorized procedure in RSA 570-A:2, II(k).

Can a student record a teacher's lecture in New Hampshire?

Not safely without the teacher's consent. RSA 570-A:2 requires all-party consent to record spoken words when the speaker reasonably expects not to be recorded, and it is not clear whether a lecture to a whole class qualifies, so ask the teacher first. A student with a disability may have recording as an IEP or Section 504 accommodation, but this must be formally approved by the school and documented in the student's plan.

Does FERPA affect school recordings in New Hampshire?

Yes. School surveillance footage that identifies individual students is considered an education record under FERPA. Schools cannot share such recordings with third parties without parental consent except under specific FERPA exceptions. This affects how schools handle, store, and release security camera footage.