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Alabama Punitive Damages Laws: Cap, Proof and Wrongful Death (2026)

Independently fact-checkedBy Recording Law Editorial Team19 min read

Independently fact-checked against primary sources (last audited October 18, 2026). · 31 primary sources cited on this page. How we verify our legal content

Alabama Punitive Damages Laws: Cap, Proof and Wrongful Death (2026)

Alabama allows punitive damages in a tort action only when it is "proven by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant consciously or deliberately engaged in oppression, fraud, wantonness, or malice with regard to the plaintiff" (Ala. Code 6-11-20(a)). Ala. Code 6-11-21 generally limits an award to three times the claimant's compensatory damages or $500,000, whichever is greater ($1,500,000 in physical-injury cases, with a separate limit for small businesses and inflation adjustments to the fixed sums), but the limits do not apply to wrongful death actions, intentional infliction of physical injury or class actions.

Wrongful death is the big exception in Alabama. The Alabama Supreme Court has held that the damages recoverable in a wrongful death action "are punitive in nature" (Tatum v. Schering Corp., 1988), and the punitive damages article of the Code says it does not apply to those actions. For how other states handle these questions, see punitive damages laws by state.

Information last verified on 2026-10-18. This article has not been reviewed by a licensed lawyer.

Jurisdiction scope: This article covers Alabama state law on punitive damages in civil cases: Article 2 of Chapter 11 of Title 6 of the Code of Alabama (6-11-20 to 6-11-30), the related verdict and judgment sections (6-11-1, 6-11-3), the wrongful death rule from Tatum v. Schering Corp., and the other statutes and decisions named below. It does not cover compensatory or noneconomic damages in medical malpractice cases (see Alabama medical malpractice law), wrongful death deadlines and procedure (see Alabama wrongful death law), federal claims, or every statute that authorizes punitive or multiplied damages for a particular claim beyond those named here.

Does Alabama allow punitive damages?

Yes, within limits the Code sets. Punitive damages are a remedy Alabama law already recognized; the statute regulates them but says it creates nothing new. Section 6-11-20(a) provides that "nothing contained in this article is to be construed as creating any claim for punitive damages which is not now present under the law of the State of Alabama," and 6-11-28 adds that nothing in the article grants or creates "a cause of action or right to recover punitive damages."

The core rule in 6-11-20(a) is a prohibition with two openings:

"Punitive damages may not be awarded in any civil action, except civil actions for wrongful death pursuant to Sections 6-5-391 and 6-5-410, other than in a tort action where it is proven by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant consciously or deliberately engaged in oppression, fraud, wantonness, or malice with regard to the plaintiff."

So outside wrongful death, a plaintiff needs a tort action and the clear-and-convincing showing. Punitive damages are also barred against the State and local governments (covered below) and limited by several claim-specific statutes.

What must be proven

The conduct. The defendant must have "consciously or deliberately engaged in oppression, fraud, wantonness, or malice with regard to the plaintiff." Section 6-11-20(b) defines each term "as used in this article":

Alabama punitive damages laws: jury verdicts on punitive damages

  • Fraud: "An intentional misrepresentation, deceit, or concealment of a material fact the concealing party had a duty to disclose, which was gross, oppressive, or malicious and committed with the intention on the part of the defendant of thereby depriving a person or entity of property or legal rights or otherwise causing injury."
  • Malice: "The intentional doing of a wrongful act without just cause or excuse, either: a. With an intent to injure the person or property of another person or entity, or b. Under such circumstances that the law will imply an evil intent."
  • Wantonness: "Conduct which is carried on with a reckless or conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others."
  • Oppression: "Subjecting a person to cruel and unjust hardship in conscious disregard of that person's rights."

The burden. Clear and convincing evidence is evidence that "will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm conviction as to each essential element of the claim and a high probability as to the correctness of the conclusion." The statute adds that it "requires a level of proof greater than a preponderance of the evidence or the substantial weight of the evidence, but less than beyond a reasonable doubt" (6-11-20(b)(4)).

Each defendant on its own conduct. Except as 6-11-27 provides for employers, no defendant is liable for punitive damages "unless that defendant has been expressly found by the trier of fact to have engaged in conduct, as defined in Section 6-11-20, warranting punitive damages," and then only for punitive damages "commensurate with that defendant's own conduct" (6-11-21(e)).

Is there a cap on punitive damages in Alabama?

Yes, for most cases. Section 6-11-21 sets three limits, each measured by the greater of two numbers:

Type of caseLimit in 6-11-21
General rule (6-11-21(a))Three times the compensatory damages of the party claiming punitive damages, or $500,000, whichever is greater
Physical injury (6-11-21(d))Three times the compensatory damages of the party claiming punitive damages, or $1,500,000, whichever is greater
Small business defendant (6-11-21(b), (c))$50,000 or 10 percent of the business's net worth, whichever is greater; a small business has a net worth of $2,000,000 or less "at the time of the occurrence made the basis of the suit"
Wrongful death, intentional infliction of physical injury (6-11-21(j))The section does not apply
Class actions (6-11-21(h))The section does not apply

The small-business limit applies "except as provided in subsections (d) and (j)," the physical-injury and wrongful death subsections. "Physical injury" means "actual injury to the body of the claimant proximately caused by the act complained of"; it does not include physical symptoms of mental anguish or emotional distress when those symptoms are caused by, rather than the cause of, the mental suffering (6-11-21(k)).

Inflation adjustment. The $500,000, $1,500,000 and $50,000 figures are not frozen. Under 6-11-21(f), "those sums shall be adjusted as of January 1, 2003, and as of January 1 at three-year intervals thereafter, at an annual rate in accordance with the Consumer Price Index rate." The statute itself does not print the adjusted amounts.

The jury is not told. "The jury may neither be instructed nor informed as to the provisions of this section" (6-11-21(g)), and mentioning the limits in front of the jury "is not permissible and shall be ground for a mistrial" (6-11-22).

Courts still review every award. The cap does not limit "the duty of the court, or the appellate courts, to scrutinize all punitive damage awards, ensure that all punitive damage awards comply with applicable procedural, evidentiary, and constitutional requirements, and to order remittitur where appropriate" (6-11-21(i)).

The older cap that was struck down. In Henderson v. Alabama Power Co., 627 So. 2d 878 (Ala. 1993), the Alabama Supreme Court held the earlier version of 6-11-21, which used a $250,000 limit, unconstitutional and reinstated the full jury verdict. The current text of 6-11-21, with the three-times and $500,000 formulas, comes from Act 99-358 (1999). Henderson concerned the earlier text.

Medical malpractice. Section 6-5-544(b) still prints a $400,000 limit on noneconomic losses "including punitive damages" in medical liability cases, but the Alabama Supreme Court held that limit unconstitutional in Moore v. Mobile Infirmary Ass'n, 592 So. 2d 156 (Ala. 1991). Section 6-11-21 applies by its terms to all civil actions other than those it excludes. For other malpractice damages rules, see Alabama medical malpractice law.

Claim-specific limits. Some statutes outside Article 2 set their own measure for punitive or exemplary damages on a particular claim:

  • Trade secrets: exemplary damages "in an amount not to exceed the actual award made under subdivision (1), but not less than ten thousand dollars ($10,000), if willful and malicious misappropriation exists" (8-27-4(a)(3)).
  • Bad-faith patent assertions: exemplary damages "equal to fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) or three times the total of damages, costs, and fees, whichever is greater" (8-12A-2(d)(4)).
  • Deceptive prize solicitations: damages "shall not exceed three times the compensatory damages of the party claiming punitive damages or five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000), whichever is greater" (8-19D-2(b)).
  • Illegally reproduced recordings: punitive damages "of not more than three times the amount of the total cost of producing the illegally recorded material" (13A-8-85(a)).
  • Wrongful removal of occupants: a person harmed may recover "punitive damages of triple the fair market rent of the dwelling" (35-9B-6, Act 2024-237).
  • Human trafficking: the court may award punitive damages, and "treble damages shall be awarded on proof of actual damages where defendant's acts were willful and malicious" (13A-6-157(c)).
  • Marshall County equipment overcharges: a local act provides "punitive damages in the sum of one thousand dollars ($1,000)," recoverable by the county (45-48-70.20).

Does Alabama take a share of the award?

No. Section 6-11-21(l) provides: "No portion of a punitive damage award shall be allocated to the state or any agency or department of the state."

Wrongful death: punitive damages only

Wrongful death works differently in Alabama. The wrongful death statute lets a personal representative "recover such damages as the jury may assess" (6-5-410(a)); it does not itself use the word punitive. The punitive character comes from the Alabama Supreme Court. Answering certified questions in Tatum v. Schering Corp., 523 So. 2d 1042 (Ala. 1988), the court stated:

"In answer to each of the questions, we opine that the damages recoverable in a wrongful death action are punitive in nature, as Question One correctly assumes, and that in a wrongful death action filed against joint tort-feasors, a plaintiff is entitled to a single recovery that will represent the total amount of punitive damages the jury may assess for the wrongful death."

Article 2 does not apply. Section 6-11-29 provides that the punitive damages article "shall not pertain to or affect any civil actions for wrongful death pursuant to Sections 6-5-391 and 6-5-410, as amended." Section 6-11-20(a) carves wrongful death out of its clear-and-convincing rule, and 6-11-21(j) says the cap section "shall not apply to actions for wrongful death." The itemization rule for tort verdicts in 6-11-1 also excepts wrongful death actions.

Other statutes that recognize the rule. The insurance guaranty association statute excludes punitive awards from covered claims "except for punitive damages awarded under the Alabama Wrongful Death Act" (27-42-5(7)c.), and in COVID-19 health emergency claims, "a party asserting a health emergency claim alleging wrongful death is only entitled to an award of punitive damages" (6-5-792(d)).

The damages recovered "are not subject to the payment of the debts or liabilities of the testator or intestate, but must be distributed according to the statute of distributions" (6-5-410(c)). Federal tax law generally treats punitive damages as taxable income but contains an exception in 26 U.S.C. 104(c) for wrongful death actions in states whose law, as in effect on September 13, 1995, provided or had been construed by a court to provide that only punitive damages may be awarded; the personal injury settlement amounts guide covers taxes. Who may sue and the filing deadline are on the Alabama wrongful death page.

Does insurance pay punitive damages in Alabama?

Insurance coverage. In American Fidelity & Casualty Co. v. Werfel, 230 Ala. 552, 162 So. 103 (1935), the injured party had a personal-injury judgment for willful or wanton conduct that included punitive damages, and the Alabama Supreme Court held that the defendant's liability policy, being broad enough to cover personal injury or death, reached it. The court reasoned that the policy would cover a wrongful death recovery, which "would have been for punitive damages purely," and stated: "It may not be successfully contended that the policy did not protect against punitive damages for bodily injuries so inflicted." The holding rested on the wording of that policy.

Employers and other principals

Alabama limits when an employer answers in punitive damages for an employee's conduct. Under 6-11-27(a), a principal, employer or master "shall not be liable for punitive damages for intentional wrongful conduct or conduct involving malice based upon acts or omissions of an agent, employee, or servant" unless it:

  • "knew or should have known of the unfitness of the agent, employee, or servant, and employed him or continued to employ him, or used his services without proper instruction with a disregard of the rights or safety of others"; or
  • "authorized the wrongful conduct"; or
  • "ratified the wrongful conduct";

or unless the agent's acts "were calculated to or did benefit the principal, employer, or other master," except where the plaintiff knowingly participated with the agent to commit fraud or wrongful conduct with full knowledge of its import.

Alcohol vendors. Section 6-11-27(b) preserves "recovery of punitive damages against a retail vendor of alcoholic beverages arising out of the acts of its agents, servants, or employees acting within the line and scope of their employment." Separately, the dram shop statute gives an injured spouse, child, parent or other individual "a right of action for all damages actually sustained as well as exemplary damages against any person who knowingly sells, furnishes, or serves alcoholic beverages to an individual contrary to the provisions of law, who was visibly intoxicated," when the sale is the proximate cause of the injury (6-5-71(a)(1)).

Government defendants and public boards

Section 6-11-26 provides: "Punitive damages may not be awarded against the State of Alabama or any county or municipality thereof, or any agency thereof, except any entity covered under the Medical Liability Act now codified as Section 6-5-480 et seq., or any acts amendatory thereto."

Members and employees of the Public Employees' Health Insurance Board "shall not be liable for punitive damages for acts arising out of the good faith performance of their duties in administering the health insurance plan" (16-25A-3).

Other claim-specific rules

Libel. "Vindictive or punitive damages shall not be recovered in any action for libel on account of any publication" unless the plaintiff proves both that the publication was made "with knowledge that the matter published was false, or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not," and that five days before suing the plaintiff made a written demand for a public retraction that the defendant failed or refused to publish within five days, "in as prominent and public a place or manner" as the original (6-5-186). For the underlying claim, see Alabama defamation laws.

Alabama punitive damages laws: how damages caps are calculated

COVID-19 health emergency claims (Act 2021-4). Where liability is established and the acts or omissions "do not result in serious physical injury," a covered entity or health care provider is limited to "actual economic compensatory damages" and "in no event shall" be liable for noneconomic or punitive damages (6-5-792(c), 6-5-794(c)). For causes of action covered by 6-5-793, a covered entity is not liable for punitive damages, but the section "does not prohibit an award of punitive damages for wrongful death claims, but no other damages shall be allowed for such claims" (6-5-793(b)(2), (3)).

LP-gas dealers. Outside wrongful death cases under 6-5-391 and 6-5-410, an LP-gas dealer is not subject to punitive or exemplary damages "except upon a showing by clear and convincing evidence of gross negligence or willful or wanton misconduct" (9-17-109(f)).

Bar pilots. A bar pilot's $5,000 liability limit does not apply where "liability exists for exemplary or punitive damages for willful, intentional, or reckless misconduct for which no other person is jointly or severally liable," or where the loss was caused by willful, intentional or reckless misconduct (33-4A-26(b)).

How the amount is decided and reviewed

Itemized verdicts. In tort actions and personal-injury warranty actions other than wrongful death, the factfinder itemizes past damages, future damages and punitive damages (6-11-1). Actions against health care providers for breach of the standard of care use the same three categories (6-5-543(a)). Judgment is then entered "for all past damages and punitive damages assessed against the defendant by the trier of fact" (6-11-3(1)).

No separate trial phase in the statute. Article 2 (6-11-20 to 6-11-30) contains no provision for trying punitive damages in a separate phase.

Post-verdict hearing. "In all cases wherein a verdict for punitive damages is awarded, the trial court shall, upon motion of any party, either conduct hearings or receive additional evidence, or both, concerning the amount of punitive damages" (6-11-23(b)). Admissible evidence includes the economic impact of the verdict on the defendant or the plaintiff, the amount of compensatory damages, whether the defendant has committed the same or similar acts in the past, any effort the defendant made to remedy the wrong, and the opportunity the plaintiff gave the defendant to remedy it. As printed, 6-11-23(b) also provides that this information is not subject to discovery, unless otherwise discoverable, until after a punitive verdict. After the hearing, the last sentence of 6-11-23(b) directs the trial court to "independently" reassess the nature, extent and economic impact of the award and reduce or increase it if appropriate in light of all the evidence.

Parts of the review statutes were struck down. The Code still prints 6-11-23(a) and 6-11-24(a); 6-11-24(a) reads "On appeal, no presumption of correctness shall apply to the amount of punitive damages awarded." In Armstrong v. Roger's Outdoor Sports, Inc., 581 So. 2d 414 (Ala. 1991), the Alabama Supreme Court held: "In summary, we hold that § 6-11-23(a), § 6-11-24(a), and the parenthetical phrase in the last sentence of § 6-11-23(b) are unconstitutional. Section 6-11-24(b) and the remaining portion of § 6-11-23(b) are constitutional as construed herein." The struck parenthetical is the phrase "(without any presumption that the award of punitive damages is correct)" in the last sentence of 6-11-23(b). Section 6-11-24(b), which survived, directs the appellate court to "independently reassess the nature, extent and economic impact of such an award and reduce or increase the award if appropriate in light of all the evidence." Armstrong held that "independently" in 6-11-24(b) and 6-11-23(b) means judges act "free from improper influences," not independently of the jury's findings, and it remanded for the trial court to reconsider the verdict "in light of the appropriate presumption of correctness of the jury verdict."

Factors for excessiveness. In Green Oil Co. v. Hornsby, 539 So. 2d 218 (Ala. 1989), the Alabama Supreme Court listed factors a trial court could consider in deciding whether a punitive award is excessive or inadequate: a reasonable relationship to the harm likely to occur and the harm that actually occurred; the degree of reprehensibility; whether the conduct was profitable, in which case "the punitive damages should remove the profit and should be in excess of the profit"; the defendant's financial position; all the costs of litigation; criminal sanctions imposed for the same conduct, in mitigation; and other civil actions against the defendant for the same conduct, also in mitigation.

Reasons on the record. Under Hammond v. City of Gadsden, 493 So. 2d 1374 (Ala. 1986), a trial court must state on the record its reasons for reducing a verdict as excessive or refusing to do so. In Envoy Air, Inc. v. Creagh (Ala. Oct. 16, 2026), where the trial court had denied a remittitur motion without comment, the Alabama Supreme Court remanded "with instructions for that court to provide written findings in support of its refusal to remit both the compensatory damages and the punitive damages."

Courts keep their ordinary powers. "Nothing in this article is intended to limit the ability of a trial or appellate court to set aside or reverse an award of punitive damages, or to order a new trial" (6-11-25). The U.S. Supreme Court's due-process limits on the size of punitive awards also apply to Alabama verdicts; the punitive damages hub explains them.

Alabama punitive damages at a glance

QuestionAlabama ruleSource
Source of the remedyExisting Alabama law, regulated by statute; the article creates no new claimAla. Code 6-11-20(a), 6-11-28
Conduct standardConscious or deliberate oppression, fraud, wantonness or malice, each defined6-11-20(a), (b)
Burden of proofClear and convincing evidence (not required by the article in wrongful death)6-11-20(a), (b)(4)
General capGenerally the greater of 3x compensatory damages or $500,000, inflation-adjusted6-11-21(a), (f)
Physical injury capGreater of 3x compensatory damages or $1,500,000, inflation-adjusted6-11-21(d), (f), (k)
Small businessGenerally the greater of $50,000 or 10% of net worth (net worth $2,000,000 or less)6-11-21(b), (c)
No capWrongful death, intentional infliction of physical injury, class actions6-11-21(h), (j)
Claim-specific limitsFor example trade secrets, patent bad faith, prize solicitations, wrongful removal8-27-4, 8-12A-2, 8-19D-2, 35-9B-6
State shareNone6-11-21(l)
Wrongful deathDamages are punitive in nature; Article 2 does not applyTatum (Ala. 1988); 6-11-29
Employer liabilityOnly on listed grounds; retail alcohol vendors excepted6-11-27
Government defendantsBarred, except Medical Liability Act entities6-11-26
Separate punitive phaseNo provision in Article 26-11-20 to 6-11-30
Review of amountPost-verdict hearing on motion; trial and appellate reassessment, with the jury verdict presumed correct6-11-23(b), 6-11-24(b); Armstrong (Ala. 1991)

Recent changes

Alabama's general punitive damages article dates from Act 87-185 (1987), and the current text of the cap section comes from Act 99-358 (1999). More recent changes are claim-specific: Act 2021-4 limited punitive damages in COVID-19 health emergency claims (6-5-792 to 6-5-794), Act 2023-25 amended the dram shop statute (6-5-71), and Act 2024-237 created the wrongful removal remedy with punitive damages of triple the fair market rent (35-9B-6).

This article provides general legal information about Alabama punitive damages law as of 2026-10-18. It is not legal advice. For advice about a specific situation, contact a lawyer licensed in Alabama.

Last updated: 2026-10-18.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does Alabama allow punitive damages?

Yes. Under Ala. Code 6-11-20(a), punitive damages may be awarded in wrongful death actions and in a tort action where clear and convincing evidence shows the defendant consciously or deliberately engaged in oppression, fraud, wantonness or malice with regard to the plaintiff.

Is there a cap on punitive damages in Alabama?

Generally yes. Ala. Code 6-11-21 limits most awards to the greater of three times compensatory damages or $500,000, or $1,500,000 in physical-injury cases, with a separate small-business limit and inflation adjustments to the fixed sums. The cap does not apply to wrongful death, intentional infliction of physical injury or class actions, and some claim-specific statutes set their own limits.

What is the standard of proof for punitive damages in Alabama?

Clear and convincing evidence, defined in Ala. Code 6-11-20(b)(4) as proof producing a firm conviction as to each essential element and a high probability as to the correctness of the conclusion; it is more than a preponderance and less than beyond a reasonable doubt. The article does not apply this rule to wrongful death actions.

Are punitive damages available in an Alabama wrongful death case?

Yes. The Alabama Supreme Court held in Tatum v. Schering Corp. (1988) that the damages recoverable in a wrongful death action are punitive in nature, and Ala. Code 6-11-29 provides that the punitive damages article, including the 6-11-21 cap, does not pertain to wrongful death actions under 6-5-391 and 6-5-410.

Does Alabama take part of a punitive damages award?

No. Ala. Code 6-11-21(l) provides that no portion of a punitive damage award shall be allocated to the state or any agency or department of the state.

Are punitive damages available against the government in Alabama?

Generally no. Ala. Code 6-11-26 bars punitive damages against the State of Alabama, its counties and municipalities, and their agencies, except entities covered under the Medical Liability Act.

Are punitive damages available in an Alabama libel case?

Only if the plaintiff proves the defendant published with knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard of whether it was false, and that a written demand for a public retraction was made five days before suit and the defendant failed or refused to publish a full and fair retraction within five days (Ala. Code 6-5-186).

Was Alabama's punitive damages cap struck down?

An earlier version was. In Henderson v. Alabama Power Co. (1993), the Alabama Supreme Court held the earlier version of 6-11-21, with its $250,000 limit, unconstitutional. The current 6-11-21, with the three-times and $500,000 formulas, comes from Act 99-358 (1999).

Updates

Independently fact-checked against the cited primary sources

Sources and References

  1. Ala. Code 6-11-20: Punitive damages; definitions(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  2. Ala. Code 6-11-21: Punitive damages not to exceed certain limits(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  3. Tatum v. Schering Corp., 523 So. 2d 1042 (Ala. 1988)(static.case.law)
  4. Ala. Code 6-11-28: No cause of action created(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  5. Ala. Code 6-11-22: Mention of limitations before jury(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  6. Henderson v. Alabama Power Co., 627 So. 2d 878 (Ala. 1993)(static.case.law)
  7. Moore v. Mobile Infirmary Ass'n, 592 So. 2d 156 (Ala. 1991) (Ala. Code 6-5-544(b))(static.case.law)
  8. Ala. Code 8-27-4: Alabama Trade Secrets Act remedies(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  9. Ala. Code 8-12A-2: Assertion of patent infringement in bad faith(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  10. Ala. Code 8-19D-2: Deceptive solicitations; action for damages(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  11. Ala. Code 13A-8-85: Damages in civil action (recorded material)(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  12. Ala. Code 35-9B-6: Wrongful removal civil action(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  13. Ala. Code 13A-6-157: Human trafficking victims civil action(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  14. Ala. Code 45-48-70.20: Marshall County equipment(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  15. Ala. Code 6-5-410: Wrongful death action by personal representative(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  16. Ala. Code 6-11-29: Article not applicable to wrongful death actions(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  17. Ala. Code 6-11-1: Itemization of damages(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  18. Ala. Code 27-42-5: Insurance guaranty association definitions(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  19. Ala. Code 6-5-792: Health emergency claims against covered entities(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  20. 26 U.S.C. 104: Compensation for injuries or sickness(www.govinfo.gov).gov
  21. Ala. Code 6-11-27: Liability of principal, employer or master(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  22. Ala. Code 6-5-71: Dram shop action(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  23. Ala. Code 6-11-26: Punitive damages against the State and local governments(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  24. Ala. Code 16-25A-3: Public Employees' Health Insurance Board liability(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  25. Ala. Code 6-5-186: Libel; punitive damages(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  26. Ala. Code 6-5-794: Health emergency claims against health care providers(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  27. Ala. Code 6-5-793: Health emergency claims before the effective date(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  28. Ala. Code 9-17-109: LP-gas dealers(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  29. Ala. Code 33-4A-26: Bar pilot liability(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  30. Ala. Code 6-5-543: Itemized damages against health care providers(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  31. Ala. Code 6-11-3: Entry of judgment(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  32. Ala. Code 6-11-23: Post-verdict hearings on punitive damages(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  33. Ala. Code 6-11-24: Appellate reassessment of punitive damages(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  34. Armstrong v. Roger's Outdoor Sports, Inc., 581 So. 2d 414 (Ala. 1991)(static.case.law)
  35. Green Oil Co. v. Hornsby, 539 So. 2d 218 (Ala. 1989)(static.case.law)
  36. Ala. Code 6-11-25: Courts may set aside awards(alison.legislature.state.al.us).gov
  37. American Fidelity & Casualty Co. v. Werfel, 230 Ala. 552, 162 So. 103 (Ala. 1935)(static.case.law)
  38. Envoy Air, Inc. v. Creagh, No. SC-2025-0022 (Ala. Oct. 16, 2026)(storage.courtlistener.com)
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