Mitemo Yekurekodha muZimbabwe: Mvumo Yemunhu Mumwe Chete, Kutariswa kweICA, Nemarangiro (2026)

Zimbabwe iri panzvimbo yakaomarara pakati pemutemo nemaitiro pazviri kurekodha. Musimboti wemitemo, unobva paInterception of Communications Act 2007 nemutemo wechinyakare, unobvumira munhu ari mukati mehurukuro kuirekodha asina kuzivisa mumwe muhurukuro iyoyo. Asi nyika imwe cheteyi ine masimba makuru ehutongi ekutariswa vanhu anofambiswa nesarudzo yaminisita panzvimbo pekuongororwa nemadare, yakagadzira mutemo unonzi "Patriot Act" unoita kuti kurwira zvimwe zvinoonekwa sekupokana nekuzvitonga kwenyika kuve mhosva, uye inosunga vanyori venhau vanorekodha kana kushuma pamusoro pezvakaipa zvinoitwa nehurumende. Kunzwisisa mitemo yekurekodha yeZimbabwe kunoda kuparadzanisa mutemo wemvumo nenjodzi dzepachokwadi dzekuushandisa.

Muganho weMutemo: Chinyorwa ichi chinotaura nezvemutemo weZimbabwe pasi peInterception of Communications Act [Chapter 11:20], Cyber and Data Protection Act 2021 [Chapter 12:07], Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] sezvakagadziridzwa, uye Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20) Act 2013. Hachitauri nezvemitemo yekurekodha yenyika dzakatenderedza Zimbabwe. Kuti uwane kuenzanisa kwepasi rose, ona world recording laws.

Mhinduro Yekukurumidza: Mvumo Yemunhu Mumwe Chete Ine Kutariswa kweHurumende

Zimbabwe inoshandisa mutemo wemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete pakurekodha kwakavanzika. Munhu ari mukati mefoni, hurukuro yepamberi, kana mashoko epaindaneti anogona kurekodha kutaurirana uku asina kuzivisa kana kuwana mvumo yevamwe vari mairi. Musimboti uyu unobva pachizvarwa chemutemo wechinyakare weRoman-Dutch weZimbabwe uye unosimbiswa nemumiriro weInterception of Communications Act, iyo inonongedza kuteererwa kwemunhu wechitatu panzvimbo pekurekodha nemunhu ari mukati mehurukuro.

Chikamu 10 cheCyber and Data Protection Act [Chapter 12:07] chinosimbisa chinzvimbo ichi pazvinangwa zvehumbowo: pane data yemunhu isiri yakakosha zvikuru (non-sensitive), mvumo yemunhu mumwe chete inokwana kuti rekodhi ipihwe sehumbowo mudare.

Mutemo wemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete hauzvireve kuti kurekodha hakuna njodzi. Zvinyorwa zvitatu zvemutemo zvinoisa zvidzivirizo zvine musoro:

• Kuteererwa kwemunhu wechitatu (kutariswa kwakavanzika kwehurukuro yausiri mukati mayo) mhosva huru yepamutemo wehutongi pasi peICA, ine marangiro anosvika makore mashanu mujeri.
• Mabasa ekushandisa data anoshanda kana wava nerekodhi yemunhu anozivikanwa. Cyber and Data Protection Act 2021 inotonga zvaunogona kuita nerekodhi iyoyo, inoda mvumo yekugoverana mifananidzo, uye inoisa zvinodikanwa zverezinesi pane chero sangano rinoshandisa marekodhi nenzira yakarongwa.
• Mhosva inobva pazvirimo inobatana nemarekodhi anoshandiswa kutambudza, kunyomba, kukurudzira mhirizhonga, kana kupokana nemaonero ehurumende ekuzvitonga kwenyika. Patriot Act 2023 neCriminal Law Codification Act zvinogadzira mhosva dzinogona kushanda pazvirimo zvezvakarekodhwa nekuparadzirwa, zvisinei nekuti rekodhi yakawanikwa sei.

Musimboti weMutemo Mukuru: Chikamu 57 cheMutemo Mukuru wa2013

Musana wemutemo weZimbabwe wekuchengetedza zvakavanzika ndicho chikamu 57 cheConstitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20) Act ya2013. Chikamu ichi chinogadzira kodzero yakafara yekuchengetedza zvakavanzika kune munhu wese ari mukati memiganho yenyika.

Chikamu 57 chinotaura kuti munhu wese ane kodzero yekuchengetedza zvakavanzika, chaizvoizvo kusanganisira:

• Kodzero yekusapindwa mumba mavo, munzvimbo dzavo, kana mune zvinhu zvavo pasina mvumo.
• Kodzero yekusaongororwa vanhu vavo, dzimba dzavo, nzvimbo, kana zvinhu zvavo.
• Kodzero yekusatorerwa zvinhu zvavo.
• Kodzero yekusakanganiswa zvakavanzika zvekutaurirana kwavo.
• Kodzero yekusaburitswa mamiriro ehutano hwavo.

Chikamu chidiki (d), chinodzivirira zvakavanzika zvekutaurirana, ndicho chikamu chine hukama chaizvo nemutemo wekurekodha. Mashoko aya anosanganisira mafoni, mashoko epaindaneti, hurukuro dzepamberi, uye chero kutaurirana kumwe pakati pevanhu. Matare anodudzira chikamu ichi sechinodzivirira kutariswa nekuteererwa kwemunhu wechitatu pasina mvumo, kwete kudzivirira rekodhi yemunhu ari mukati mehurukuro yaakatorawo chikamu mairi.

Miganho yeMutemo Mukuru Pakudzivirira

Sezvo chikamu 57 chiri mukati meDeclaration of Rights (Chapter 4 yeMutemo Mukuru), chine simba repamutemo repamusoro-soro muhurongwa hwemitemo yeZimbabwe. Kodzero yekuchengetedza zvakavanzika zvekutaurirana haisi yakakwana zvachose. Chikamu 86 cheMutemo Mukuru chinobvumira zvidzivirizo chete kana zvakarurama, zvine musoro, zvakakodzera, uye zvinobvumidzika munzanga yakasununguka uye ine demokrasi, zvichivakirwa pachiremerera, kuenzana, uye rusununguko. Chero mutemo unodzivirira kodzero iyi unofanira kupfuura muyedzo iwoyo kana kuti unotarisana nekupikiswa muConstitutional Court.

Interception of Communications Act (Chapter 11:20)

Interception of Communications Act, yakatanga kushanda musi wa3 Nyamavhuvhu 2007, ndiwo mutemo mukuru unotonga kuteererwa nekutariswa kwekutaurirana muZimbabwe. Unosanganisira mafoni, tsamba dzeposvo, uye kutaurirana kunoshandisa indaneti.

Zvinorambidzwa neMutemo Uyu

Chikamu 3 cheMutemo uyu chinoita kuti chive mhosva yepamutemo wehutongi kune chero munhu kuteerera nemaune, kuedza kuteerera, kana kupa mumwe munhu mvumo yekuteerera chero kutaurirana pariri kuitika kana kutumirwa. Kurambidzwa uku kunosanganisira marudzi ese ekutaurirana: mafoni einzwi, mameseji, maemail, mafaxi, uye zvinofamba paindaneti.

Shoko rakakosha nde"kuteerera" (intercept). Mumumiriro weMutemo uyu, kuteerera kunoreva kutarisisa kana kurekodha kutaurirana nemunhu asiri mukati mako. Munhu ari mukati mehurukuro haasi "kuteerera" mune zvinorehwa nemutemo kana achiita rekodhi panguva imwe chete yehurukuro iyoyo. Ndiwo musimboti wemumiriro wemutemo wemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete weZimbabwe: ICA inonongedza kuteererwa kwemafoni nekutariswa kwemunhu wechitatu, kwete chiito chemunhu ari mukati mehurukuro anorekodha hurukuro yake pachake.

Marangiro Ekuteererwa Pasina Mvumo

Chero munhu anopomerwa mhosva yekuteererwa pasina mvumo pasi pechikamu 3 anotarisana nefaindi isingapfuure Level 14 pachiyero chakajairika chemafaindi eZimbabwe, icho pasi peStatutory Instrument 14A ya2023 chinosvika inenge USD $5,000. Dare rinogonawo kupa kusungwa mujeri kwemakore anosvika mashanu, kana marangiro ese ari maviri pamwe chete.

Kune vapi vemasevhisi ekutaurirana vanotadza kupa rubatsiro rwakadikanwa pane runyorwa rwemvumo rwekuteerera rwakabvumidzwa, Mutemo uyu unopa faindi yeLevel 12 kana kusungwa mujeri kwemakore anosvika matatu, kana zvose zviri zviviri.

Ndiani Anogona Kubvumidza Kuteererwa Kwakabvumidzwa

Mutemo uyu unogadzira nzira yekuteererwa kwakabvumidzwa nemasangano ehurumende, asi unopfuudza nzira iyi nechikamu chehutongi (executive) panzvimbo pemadare (judiciary). Zvikumbiro zverunyorwa rwemvumo yekuteerera zvinofanira kubva kune mumwe wevakuru vana vakasarudzwa:

• Chief of Defence Intelligence (kana wavanotuma)
• Director-General wechikamu chaPurezidhendi chine basa rekuchengetedza nyika (kana wavanotuma)
• Commissioner weZimbabwe Republic Police (kana wavanotuma)
• Commissioner-General weZimbabwe Revenue Authority (kana wavanotuma)

Zvikumbiro izvi zvinoendeswa kuMinister of Transport and Communications (kana chero minisita Purezidhendi waanogadza kutonga Mutemo uyu). Minisita ari oga ndiye anosarudza kana achipa runyorwa rwemvumo here kana kwete. Hapana dare rinoongorora chikumbiro chisati chabvumidzwa. Hapasina chikwata chakazvimirira chinoongorora kana runyorwa rwemvumo rwuchishandiswa zvakanaka pashure pekunge rwabvumidzwa.

Zvikonzero Zvekupa Runyorwa Rwemvumo

Minisita anogona kupa runyorwa rwemvumo yekuteerera kana paine zvikonzero zvine musoro zvekutenda kuti:

• Kuunganidza ruzivo pamusoro pengozi chaiyo kune kuchengetedzeka kwenyika kana zvinofarira zvehupfumi hwenyika zvakakosha kunodikanwa.
• Kuunganidza ruzivo pamusoro pengozi inogona kuvapo kune kuchengetedzeka kweruzhinji kana kuchengetedzeka kwenyika kunodikanwa.

Chikumbiro chinofanira kuratidza munhu ane kutaurirana kuchateererwa (kana achizivikanwa) uye mupi wemasevhisi ekutaurirana achaita kuteererwa uku.

Mukaha Wekusatariswa neMadare

Apa ndipo panowana mumiriro weZimbabwe kutsoropodzwa kukuru. Munyika zhinji dzine demokrasi, mutongi akazvimirira ndiye anoongorora zvikumbiro zvekutariswa vanhu uye anosarudza kana zvichikwana muyedzo yemutemo. Mutemo weZimbabwe unoisa sarudzo iyoyo mumaoko eminisita wehurumende.

Harvard Law School International Human Rights Clinic, MISA Zimbabwe, Reporters Without Borders, uye Global Network Initiative vese vakaratidza kuti mumiriro uyu hauna kukwana pamuyedzo wepasi rose wekodzero dzevanhu. Bhuku reOxford Academic rinonzi Statute Law Review rakaburitsa ongororo muna 2024 richiratidza kuti Mutemo uyu hauna zvidzivirizo zvakakwana kune vanyori venhau nemagweta uye kuti masimba akafara aminisita anokanganisa kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba ehutongi (separation of powers).

Cyber and Data Protection Act 2021 (Chapter 12:07)

Cyber and Data Protection Act yeZimbabwe, yakagadzwa muna 2021 uye yakatanga kushanda kubva musi wa11 Kurume 2022, inowedzera chikamu chechipiri chemitemo chinotonga zvinoitika nemarekodhi mushure mekunge agadzirwa. Apo ICA inotonga chiito chekuteererwa, CDPA inotonga kushandiswa, kuchengetwa, uye kuparadzirwa kwedata yemunhu, kusanganisira marekodhi einzwi nemifananidzo inofamba (video).

Mvumo Nemutemo Wehumbowo Hwemunhu Mumwe Chete

CDPA inotsanangura mvumo sechero kuratidza kwakajeka, kusina kupokana, kwakapihwa nemoyo wese, uye kune ruzivo, umo munhu ane data anobvuma kuti data yake yemunhu ingashandiswa. Kune data yakakosha zvikuru (genetic, biometric, kana yehutano), mvumo yakanyorwa yakajeka inodikanwa zvakasimba.

Chikamu 10 cheCDPA chinotaura nezvehumbowo hwepaindaneti: pane data yemunhu isiri yakakosha zvikuru, kusanganisira rekodhi yeinzwi yehurukuro yakajairika, mvumo yemunhu mumwe chete inokwana kuti rekodhi ipihwe sehumbowo mudare. Chikamu ichi chemutemo chinosimbisa musimboti wemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete uye chinojekesa kuti marekodhi awanikwa nemunhu ari mukati mehurukuro anogamuchirwa mudare pasina mvumo yemunhu wese ari muhurukuro iyoyo.

Section 163A: Kuwana Data YeKombiyuta Pasina Mvumo

Section 163A inogadzira mhosva yekuwana data pasina mvumo, ichisanganisira chero munhu anoita nemaune uye pasina mvumo:

• Anoteerera nemazano etekinoroji kana nemamwe manzira chero kutumirwa kwakavanzika kwedata yekombiyuta kuenda, kubva, kana mukati memambure ekombiyuta, mudziyo, dhatabhesi, kana sisitimu yeruzivo
• Anokunda kana kupfuura chero chidzivirizo chekuchengetedza chinorevesa kudzivisa kuwana data
• Anowana data kubva musisitimu yekombiyuta pasina mvumo

Marangiro ndeefaindi isingapfuure Level 14 kana kusungwa mujeri kwemakore anosvika mashanu, kana zvose zviri zviviri. Kuva nedata yaunoziva kuti yakawanikwa pasina mvumo kune marangiro mamwe chete.

Section 164A: Kurekodha Nekugoverana Mifananidzo Pasina Mvumo

Section 164A inoita kuti kurekodha kana kuparadzira mifananidzo kana marekodhi emunhu pasina mvumo yake ive mhosva yepamutemo wehutongi. Chikamu ichi chinoshanda pakuisa mufananidzo kana vhidhiyo yemunhu paindaneti pasina mvumo yake, uyewo pakuparadzira marekodhi nemapuratifomu emameseji.

Chikamu ichi chinodzikira kupfuura zvirimo zvepabonde bedzi. Chinosanganisira chero mufananidzo kana rekodhi yakagoverwa pasina mvumo yemunhu ari mairi, ichipa vagari veZimbabwe chishandiso chemutemo chekupikisa kuparadzirwa pasina mvumo kwemarekodhi kunyangwe kutorwa kwacho kwepakutanga kwaive kwakabvumidzwa.

Section 164B: Kutambudza Vanhu Paindaneti

Section 164B inoita mhosva kushandisa kombiyuta kana sisitimu yeruzivo kugadzira nekutumira mameseji, kana kuisa zvinyorwa pane chero nzira yepaindaneti inowanikwa nevamwe, nechinangwa chekumanikidza, kutyisidzira, kutambudza, kuvhundutsira, kudheerera, kukonzeresa kutambudzika kukuru kwemoyo, kana kuzvidza kana kunyadzisa mumwe munhu. Marangiro ndeefaindi isingapfuure Level 10 kana kusungwa mujeri kwemakore anosvika gumi, kana zvose zviri zviviri.

Chikamu ichi chine hukama nekurekodha nekuti kuparadzira rekodhi nechinangwa chekutambudza kana kunyadzisa munhu akarekodhwa kunogona kuva mhosva pasi peSection 164B zvisinei nekuti rekodhi pachayo yakawanikwa here nenzira yakabvumidzwa.

Section 165: Kurekodha Pasi Pembatya Nekurekodha Kwepabonde

Section 165 inotaura nezvekurekodha mifananidzo kana vhidhiyo pasi pembatya dzemumwe munhu, ichiratidza zvinhu zvepabonde kana matinji, kunyangwe zvakafukidzwa nembatya dzemukati kana kwete, pasina mvumo yake. Mhosva iyi inoda humbowo hwekuti rekodhi yakaitwa pasina mvumo kana nekusaongorora zviripo maererano nemvumo. Marangiro ndeefaindi isingapfuure Level 10 kana kusungwa mujeri kwemakore anosvika mashanu, kana zvose zviri zviviri.

Zvinodikanwa Zverezinesi Yemutariri weData

Statutory Instrument 155 ya2024 (Cyber and Data Protection Licensing Regulations), yakatanga kushanda muna Gunyana 2024, inoda kuti masangano ese anoshandisa data yevanhu vanosvika makumi mashanu (50) kana kupfuura ave nerezinesi yemutariri wedata kubva kuPOTRAZ. Zuva rekupedzisira rekuteerera raiva 12 Kurume 2025.

Chero sangano rinorekodha vatengi, vashandi, kana nhengo dzeruzhinji, kunyangwe kuburikidza nemasisitimu ekurekodha mafoni, CCTV, mapuratifomu ekurekodha misangano, kana chero imwe nzira, rinofanira kuve nerezinesi iyi. Mutengo werezinesi unosiyana kubva paUSD $50 kusvika paUSD $2,000 zvichienderana neukuru hwemabasa ekushandisa data.

Vatariri vedata vaidawo kugadza Data Protection Officer ane mazivo emutemo, data science, kuchengetedzeka kweruzivo, kana chikamu chine hukama, akapihwa cheki neHarare Institute of Technology, kusvika musi wa12 Zvita 2024. Sangano risingagadzi DPO rinoita mhosva inorangwa nefaindi yeLevel 7 kana kusungwa mujeri kwemakore anosvika maviri, kana zvose zviri zviviri.

Chero mutariri wedata anoramba achishandisa data pasina rezinesi mushure me12 Kurume 2025 anotarisana nefaindi inosvika Level 11 (inenge USD $1,000) kana kusungwa mujeri kwemakore anosvika manomwe, kana zvose zviri zviviri.

Kushuma Kuputika Kwedata

Kana kuputika kwedata kune chekuita nemarekodhi kana imwe data yemunhu kwaitika, SI 155 inoda kuti mutariri wedata ashume nyaya iyi kuPOTRAZ mukati meawa dzinosvika 24. Kana kuputika uku kuine njodzi huru kune kodzero nerusununguko rwevanhu vakabatwa nazvo, vanhu ivavo vanofanira kuzivswa mukati meawa dzinosvika 72.

POTRAZ: Chitariri Chine Mabasa Maviri Ekutaurirana Nekudzivirira Data

Postal and Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Zimbabwe (POTRAZ) inoshanda panguva imwe chete sechitariri chenyika chemafambiro ekutaurirana uye sechiremera chenyika chekudzivirira data pasi peCyber and Data Protection Act.

Kutariswa Kwemafambiro Ekutaurirana

POTRAZ inotarisira rezinesi dzevashandisi vemafambiro ekutaurirana, kugoverwa kwe-radio spectrum, uye kuteerera mitemo yenyika. Mabasa ekuteererwa kwakabvumidzwa anosanganiswa mumitemo yakabatanidzwa nerezinesi dzekutaurirana: vapi vemasevhisi vanodikanwa nesungano kubatsira kutariswa kwehurumende kana vapihwa manyorwa emvumo akabvumidzwa pasi peICA.

Chiremera Chekudzivirira Data

Pasi peCyber and Data Protection Act, POTRAZ inonyoresa uye kupa rezinesi vatariri vedata, kupa maceki maDPO, kuongorora zvichemo pamusoro pekushandiswa zvisizvo kwedata, uye kuisa mafaindi nemarangiro pane vasingateereri. Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2025, POTRAZ yakaburitsa runyorwa rwayo rwekutanga rwevatariri vedata vane rezinesi, richiratidza danho rekutanga rekushandiswa kwakasimba kwemutemo mushure meRuzuva rwekuteerera rwaKurume 2025.

Nyaya Dzekuzvimirira

Masangano anodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu akasimudza mibvunzo yekuti POTRAZ inogona here kushanda sechiremera chinobudirira chekudzivirira data ichine mabasa maviri aya. Chiremera chimwe chetecho chinopa rezinesi makambani ekutaurirana uye chinobatsira kuteererwa kwehurumende ndicho chinewo basa rekudzivirira kodzero dzedata privacy dzevagari venyika. MISA Zimbabwe nemamwe mapoka enzanga anoti izvi zvinogadzira kupokana kwezvinofarira kwakavakirwa pachimiro chinokanganisa kushandiswa kwemutemo wekudzivirira data.

Criminal Law Codification and Reform Act (Chapter 9:23)

Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] ndiwo mutemo mukuru unosanganisira mhosva dzese muZimbabwe, wakagadzwa muna 2004 uye wakagadziridzwa kazhinji kubvira ipapo. Zvikamu zvakawanda zvawo zvine hukama chaizvo nekurekodha.

Section 164: Kukurudzira Mhirizhonga Nekombiyuta

Section 164 yeCriminal Law Code inoita kuti chive mhosva kutumira, nekombiyuta kana sisitimu yeruzivo, mameseji nechinangwa chekukurudzira vamwe kuita mhirizhonga kune chero munhu kana kukanganisa zvinhu. Marangiro ndeefaindi isingapfuure Level 10 kana kusungwa mujeri kwemakore anosvika mashanu, kana zvose zviri zviviri.

Munyori wenhau Blessed Mhlanga akapomerwa mhosva pasi pechikamu ichi muna Kukadzi 2025 mushure mehurukuro yaakaita neimwe mukuru wehondo wekare akakumbira kuti Purezidhendi Mnangagwa asiye basa. Mhosva idzi dzinoratidza kuti chikamu chine chekuita nekukurudzira mhirizhonga chinogona sei kushandiswa pahunyori hwenhau hune marekodhi ekutaura kwezvematongerwo enyika.

Kutarisa Nemune Zvakavanzika Nemhosva Dzemifananidzo

Criminal Law Code inewo zvikamu zvinorwisa kutarisa nemune zvakavanzika uye kurekodha kwepabonde pasina mvumo, izvo zvinofambirana neSection 165 yeCyber and Data Protection Act. Mutemo uyu unotaura nezvekurekodha vanhu vari muzviitiko zvakavanzika pasina kuziva kwavo, kunyanya mune zviitiko apo rekodhi inoitirwa zvinangwa zvebonde.

Patriot Act 2023 Nemhedzisiro Yayo Yekutyisidzira Kurekodha

Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Amendment Act, Act 10 ya2023, yakasainwa kuva mutemo naPurezidhendi Mnangagwa musi wa14 Chikunguru 2023, yakaunza mhosva itsva yekuti "kukuvadza nemaune kuzvitonga nezvinofarira nyika yeZimbabwe." Mutemo uyu, unowanzozivikanwa se"Patriot Act," haurambidzi kurekodha zvakananga asi unogadzira njodzi huru yepamutemo kune chero munhu anorekodha nekuparadzira zvirimo zvinonzi nevakuru zvinokuvadza zvinofarira nyika.

Zvinoitwa Mhosva neMutemo Uyu

Mutemo uyu unonongedza vagari venyika nevanogara muZimbabwe zvachose vanotora chikamu mumisangano yekuronga kana kufunga:

• Kupinda nezvombo muZimbabwe kana kupidigura kana kubvisa hurumende yayo
• Kuisa kana kuwedzera zvirango (sanctions) kana kudzivisa kutengeserana neZimbabwe

Mashoko emutemo uyu akafara uye, sekutaura kwevanotsoropodza vanosanganisira Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, uye Veritas Zimbabwe, akasajeka nemaune zvekuti anogona kusanganisira hunyori hwenhau hwakajairika, kushuma kwekodzero dzevanhu, uye kurwira kwenzanga.

Marangiro

Marangiro akaoma. Kutora chikamu mumisangano ine chekuita nekupinda nezvombo kune marangiro erufu kana kusungwa mujeri upenyu hwese. Kutora chikamu mumisangano ine chekuita nekurwira zvirango kune faindi inosvika USD $12,000 uye/kana kusungwa mujeri kwemakore anosvika gumi. Mhosva dzakawedzera dzinogona kukonzeresa kubviswa kwehuzvarwa hwenyika, kudzimwa kwekugara zvachose, kutorerwa kodzero yekuvhota kwemakore mashanu kusvika gumi nemashanu, uye kudziviswa kubata basa rehurumende.

Kupikiswa kweHigh Court

High Court yeZimbabwe, mumutongo waJustice Rodgers Manyangadze, yakabvisa Section 22A(3) yeMutemo uyu ichiti inopesana neMutemo Mukuru. Dare rakawana kuti mashoko echikamu ichi akanga asina kujeka zvakanyanya uye akafara zvakanyanya, zvichisimudza nyaya dzeMutemo Mukuru pamusoro perusununguko rwekuungana, rwesangano, nerwekutaura, pamwe nekodzero yekutongwa zvakarurama uye kodzero dzeuzvarwa. Mutongo uyu wakakosha asi hauna kubvisa zvimwe zvikamu zveMutemo uyu kana mhedzisiro yekutyisidzira inobva pakuvapo kwawo.

Zvinoreva Kune Kurekodha

Vanyori venhau nevanharagwa vanorekodha zviitiko zvemisangano, zvirwisiro, kana nhaurwa dzine chekuita nezvirango zvepasi rose kana kupokana nezvematongerwo enyika vane njodzi yekunzi vanhu vari mumaitiro anokuvadza kuzvitonga kwenyika. Kunyangwe zvirimo zverekodhi zviri kutaura kwakadzivirirwa, kuparadzira rekodhi ine zvinhu zvematongerwo enyika zvakakosha muZimbabwe zvino kune njodzi yekupomerwa mhosva pasi pezvikamu zvePatriot Act zvichiripo. Nyaya yakaunzwa nevanyori venhau Valentine Maponga naPaidamoyo Muzulu, avo vakapikisa Mutemo uyu vachiti unotyisidzira hunyori hwenhau hwepasi rose hwakarurama, inoratidza hukama hwakananga pakati pemutemo uyu nemaitiro ekurekodha.

Kurekodha Mapurisa Nevakuru VeHurumende

Kurekodha mapurisa, vakuru vehurumende, kana masoja ekuchengetedza muZimbabwe kune njodzi huru yepamutemo neyemunhu pachake. Hapana mutemo unorambidza pachena kurekodha mupurisa ari panzvimbo yeruzhinji, asi mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo anoita kuti kurekodha kwakadai kuve nengozi.

Njodzi Yepamutemo

Zvikamu zvakati zvinogadzira nzira dzekupomerwa mhosva kune vanorekodha maitiro evakuru:

• Section 164 yeCriminal Law Code (kukurudzira mhirizhonga) yakashandiswa pamarekodhi nehurukuro pamusoro pevakuru vehurumende, sepanyaya yaMhlanga.
• Patriot Act inogadzira kusajeka pamusoro pekuti kurekodha misangano inotaura nezvekuzvidavirira kwehurumende kunogona here kunzi kunokuvadza zvinofarira nyika.
• Broadcasting Services Amendment Act 2025 (No. 2 ya2025, yakaburitswa muGazette musi wa23 Chivabvu 2025) yakawedzera mitemo yekufambisa nhau kumapuratifomu epaindaneti kusanganisira mapodcast nekuratidza-live pasocial media. Kuparadzira marekodhi kuburikidza nemapuratifomu ane mitemo pasina rezinesi yeBroadcasting Authority of Zimbabwe kunogadzira njodzi yepamutemo yakawedzera.

Kusungwa Nekuchengetwa Kwakanyorwa

RSF yakaisa Zimbabwe panzvimbo ye106 pamanyika 180 muWorld Press Freedom Index ya2025 (marks 52.10, akawedzera kubva panzvimbo ye116 muna 2024), ichiratidza kuti "mitemo yakaoma zvikuru" kusanganisira penal code yakagadziridzwa neCyber Security and Data Protection Act zvinoramba zvichidzivirira hunyori hwenhau. RSF neHuman Rights Watch zvinonyora nyaya dzinotevera dzichangoitika:

• Blessed Mhlanga (akasungwa 24 Kukadzi 2025): Munyori wenhau weYouTube outlet inonzi Heart and Soul TV akachengetwa kwemwedzi inenge mitatu uye akapomerwa mhosva yekukurudzira mhirizhonga pasi peSection 164 yeCriminal Law Code. Mhosva idzi dzakabva pahurukuro umo mumiriri wezvematongerwo enyika akakumbira kuti Purezidhendi asiye basa. HRW yakati mhosva idzi hadzina musimboti.
• Faith Zaba (akasungwa 1 Chikunguru 2025): Muveti weZimbabwe Independent akasungwa nemhosva dzekutuka kana kudzikisira simba raPurezidhendi pasi peCriminal Law Code.

Mushumo weFreedom House unonzi Freedom on the Net 2025 unonyora kudzvinyirira kuchiri kuenderera mberi umo "vanharagwa nevanyori venhau vakawanda vakasungwa uye vakachengetwa nekuda kwezvirimo zvavo zvepaindaneti."

Ngwarira: Kunongedza kamera kumupurisa muZimbabwe, kunyangwe muchirwisiro, pakumira kwemota nemapurisa, kana pamhemberero yeruzhinji, hakuna kudzivirirwa kwepamutemo kwaungawana mune dzimwe nyika. Vakuru vanowanzotorera midziyo yekurekodha, kudzima marekodhi, uye kusunga vanyori venhau nekuda kwekurekodha maitiro evakuru. Kana uchida kunyora humbowo hwemaitiro akaipa evakuru, taura negweta remuZimbabwe rine ruzivo rwenhau usati waparadzira chero rekodhi.

Kurekodha Mafoni muZimbabwe

Pasi pemutemo wemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete weZimbabwe, munhu ari mukati mefoni anogona kuirekodha asina kuzivisa mumwe wari mufoni iyoyo. Kurambidzwa kweInterception of Communications Act kunonongedza kuteererwa kwemunhu wechitatu (munhu asiri mukati mefoni ari kuiteerera zvakavanzika), kwete kurekodha nemunhu ari mukati mefoni.

Mafoni Emunhu Ega

Unogona kurekodha foni yemunhu ega yauri mukati mayo pasina kuzivisa mumwe muri mairi. Rekodhi inowanikwa nenzira yakabvumidzwa pasi pemumiriro weICA uye, pasi peSection 10 yeCyber and Data Protection Act, inogamuchirwa mudare pazvinangwa zvisiri zvakakosha zvikuru.

Zvaunoita nerekodhi iyoyo zvinotongwa nemitemo yakasiyana. Kugoverana rekodhi paruzhinji, kuiparadzira kuti ukuvadze kana kutambudza mumwe muri mairi, kana kuiisa paindaneti pasina mvumo yemunhu akarekodhwa zvinogona kukonzeresa Section 164A (kuparadzira pasina mvumo) kana Section 164B (kutambudza paindaneti) yeCDPA.

Mafoni Ebhizinesi

Masangano anorekodha nenzira yakarongwa mafoni erubatsiro rwevatengi, hurukuro dzekutengesa, kana mafoni emukati anenge achishandisa data yevanhu uye anofanira kuteerera zvinodikanwa zverezinesi nemvumo zveCDPA. Izvi zvinoreva kuve nerezinesi yemutariri wedata yePOTRAZ (kana achishandisa data yevanhu makumi mashanu kana kupfuura), kugadza DPO, uye kuzivisa vanofona kuti mafoni avo ari kurekodhwa.

Tsika yakajairika yekuridza meseji yakazvimhanyisira, senge "foni iyi inogona kurekodhwa kuti tiwedzere unyanzvi netraining," pakutanga kwefoni inokwanisa zvinodikanwa zvekuzivisa, asi anofona anofanira kuve nemukana chaiwo wekuramba kana asingabvumi kurekodhwa.

VoIP Nemaapp Emameseji

ICA neCDPA hazviite musiyano pakati pemambure emafoni echinyakare nemapuratifomu ekutaurirana epaindaneti. Kurekodha foni yeWhatsApp, musangano weZoom, kana weMicrosoft Teams uri mukati memusangano uyu kwakabvumidzwa pasi pemutemo wemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete. Masangano anorekodha misangano yepaindaneti nenzira yakarongwa anofanira kuramba achiteerera zvinodikanwa zveCDPA zvekushandisa data.

Kurekodha Hurukuro Dzepamberi

Munhu ari mukati mehurukuro yepamberi anogona kuirekodha pasi pemutemo wemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete weZimbabwe. Haufaniri kuwana mvumo yemunhu wese aripo usati wabvumidza mudziyo wekurekodha.

Nzvimbo Dzakavanzika

Apo hurukuro inoitika panzvimbo yakavanzika, kunyangwe imba, hofisi, kana resitorendi, zvidzivirizo zveMutemo Mukuru nezvemitemo zvinosimba zvakanyanya. Munhu wechitatu anoisa zvakavanzika mudziyo wekurekodha kuti atore hurukuro yaasiri mukati mayo anoita mhosva pasi peICA uye zvimwe pasi peSection 163A yeCDPA.

Misangano Nehurukuro Dzeboka

Semunhu ari mukati memusangano weboka kana hurukuro yevanhu vakawanda, unogona kuirekodha. Vamwe vari mairi vasiri kurekodha havasi "kuteerera" musangano nekungovapo chete. Mutemo wemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete unoshanda: chinzvimbo chako sekuve mukati mehurukuro chinokwana kuti rekodhi ive yakabvumidzwa panguva yekutorwa kwayo.

Kurekodha Panzvimbo DzeRuzhinji

Nzira yeZimbabwe pakurekodha panzvimbo dzeruzhinji haina kujeka zvakanyanya sezvinoita mitemo yekutaurirana kwakavanzika.

CCTV Nekutariswa Kweruzhinji

Hapana mutemo wakazara unonyatso tonga kuiswa nekushandiswa kwemakamera eCCTV panzvimbo dzeruzhinji. Mabhizinesi, zvivako zvehurumende, nevaridzi vezvinhu vega vanoisa makamera pasina mumiriro wakajairika unotonga kuti mifananidzo inotorwa, inochengetwa, kana kudzimwa sei.

CDPA inoshanda kune vanoshandisa CCTV vanotora vanhu vanozivikanwa: vanofanira kuve nerezinesi yemutariri wedata (kana vachishandisa data yevanhu makumi mashanu kana kupfuura), kuteerera nheyo dzekushandisa data, uye kuisa zvidzivirizo zvakakodzera. Muchokwadi, kushandiswa kwemutemo naPOTRAZ kwezvinodikanwa izvi kune vanoshandisa CCTV kwakange kwakaganhurirwa sezvo hurongwa hwerezinesi hwakatanga kushanda zvizere muna 2025 chete.

Kutora Mifananidzo Nehunyori HweNhau Paruzhinji

Hapana kurambidzwa kwakazara kwekutora mifananidzo kana firimu panzvimbo dzeruzhinji dzakavhurika. Zvisinei, vakuru vehurumende vakamboshandisa zvikamu zvemitemo zvakasiyana kudzivirira kurekodha kwevemhepo dzemakuhwa pedyo nezvivako zvehurumende, muzvirwisiro, uye pamhemberero dzezvematongerwo enyika. Broadcasting Services Amendment Act 2025 zvino inoisa marekodhi anoparadzirwa paindaneti, kusanganisira mapositi esocial media nemapodcast, pasi pekutariswa kweBroadcasting Authority of Zimbabwe, ichiwedzera chimwe chikamu chenjodzi kune vagadziri vezvirimo vanoparadzira marekodhi paindaneti.

Mitemo Yekurekodha Panzvimbo Yebasa

Kurekodha panzvimbo yebasa muZimbabwe kune hukama nekodzero yeMutemo Mukuru yekuchengetedza zvakavanzika, ICA, CDPA, nenheyo dzakajairika dzemutemo webasa.

Mabasa Emuridzi Webasa

Muridzi webasa anoda kutariswa kana kurekodha kutaurirana kwevashandi, kunyangwe kuburikidza nemakamera eCCTV, masisitimu ekurekodha mafoni, kana kutariswa kwemaemail, anofanira kuteerera zvinodikanwa zvemvumo nekujeka zveCDPA. Vashandi vanofanira kuzivswa nezvezvinorekodhwa, sei, marekodhi achachengetwa sei, uye kwenguva yakareba sei achachengetwa.

Kubvira Gunyana 2024, vabereki vebasa vanoshandisa data yevashandi kuburikidza nemasisitimu ekurekodha vanofanira kuve nerezinesi yemutariri wedata yePOTRAZ uye vanofanira kunge vagadza Data Protection Officer ane cheki.

Kodzero Dzemushandi

Vashandi vanoramba vane kodzero yeMutemo Mukuru yekuchengetedza zvakavanzika kunyangwe panzvimbo yebasa. Muridzi webasa haakwanisi kuisa midziyo yekurekodha inzwi yakavanzika mumakamuri ekuzorora, mabhavhoni, kana dzimwe nzvimbo umo vashandi vane tarisiro yakarurama yezvakavanzika. Kutariswa kweVhidhiyo munzvimbo dzebasa dzakajairika kunowanzobvumidzwa kune zviratidzo nezivisano zvakakodzera, asi kurekodha inzwi rehurukuro kunoda mvumo yakajeka apo vashandi vasiri mukati mehurukuro dziri kurekodhwa.

Mushandi ari mukati mehurukuro yepabasa anogona kuirekodha pasi pemutemo wemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete pasina kuziva kana mvumo yemuridzi webasa. Rekodhi yakadai inogona kushandiswa sehumbowo munyaya dzekupokana kwebasa, zvichitongwa nezvinodikanwa zvekugamuchirwa mudare.

Humbowo Munyaya Dzekupokana Kwebasa

Pasi peCivil Evidence Act (Chapter 8:01), humbowo hwepaindaneti kusanganisira marekodhi einzwi nevhidhiyo hunogamuchirwa mumatare eZimbabwe nemadare ebasa. Rekodhi inofanira kusimbiswa zvakanaka kuti ndeye chokwadi, uye ari kuipa anofanira kuratidza kuti yakawanikwa nenzira yakabvumidzwa. Rekodhi yehurukuro yepabasa yakaitwa nemunhu ari mukati mayo yakawanikwa nenzira yakabvumidzwa pasi pemutemo wemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete uye inowanzogamuchirwa.

Zvirimo Zvedeepfake Nezvakagadzirwa neAI

Zimbabwe haina mutemo unonyatso taura nezvedeepfake kana inzwi nevhidhiyo zvakagadzirwa neAI. Mumiriro wemitemo iripo unoshanda kusvika pane paunobata maitiro ari panyaya iyi.

Zvikamu Zvinoshanda

Section 164A yeCDPA (kurekodha kana kuparadzira mifananidzo pasina mvumo) inoshanda kune chero mufananidzo kana rekodhi, kusanganisira mifananidzo kana vhidhiyo zvakagadzirwa neAI zvinoratidza nhema munhu anozivikanwa. Vhidhiyo yedeepfake inoratidza munhu chaiye achitaura kana achiita chinhu chaasina kutaura kana kuita, ikaparadzirwa pasina mvumo yake, inodzikira mukati meSection 164A.

Section 164B (kutambudza paindaneti) inoshanda apo deepfake inogadzirwa nekuparadzirwa nechinangwa chekuzvidza, kunyadzisa, kutambudza, kana kutyisidzira munhu chaiye.

Mutemo wakajairika wekunyomba pasi peCriminal Law Code unoshandawo: kuburitsa shoko renhema pamusoro pemunhu, kusanganisira kuburikidza nerekodhi yakagadzirwa, rinokuvadza mukurumbira wake kunogona kuva mhosva yekunyomba.

Mukaha weMitemo

Mitemo yeZimbabwe yekutonga zvirimo zvedhijitari haina kunyatso taura nezve synthetic media. Broadcasting Services Amendment Act 2025, kunyangwe ichiwedzera kutariswa kwemitemo kunhau dzepaindaneti, haina kunyatso taura nezvezvirimo zvakagadzirwa neAI. Vanhu vega nemasangano anoshanda munzvimbo yezvirimo zveAI muZimbabwe parizvino vanotarisana nekusajeka kwepamutemo uye vanofanira kutarisisa mirairo yePOTRAZ pamusoro pezvinowedzerwa mumitemo.

Kurekodha Nekutumira Data Pakati PeMiganho YeNyika

Kurekodha Kuyambuka Miganho YeNyika

Apo rekodhi ine vanhu vanobva munyika dzakasiyana, mitemo yenyika yemunhu wese anotaurirana inogona kushanda. Foni pakati pemunhu ari muZimbabwe nemunhu ari muUnited States inogona kubata zvose mutemo weZimbabwe wemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete pasi peICA/CDPA uye muyedzo weUS federal wemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete pasi peWiretap Act (18 U.S.C. § 2511). Muchokwadi, mumiriro weZimbabwe wemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete unoenderana nemusimboti weUS federal, uchidzikisira njodzi yekupokana muzviitiko zvakajairika.

Apo foni ine munhu ari munyika inoda mvumo yevanhu vese, senge Germany kana Switzerland, mutemo wakaomarara unoshanda kana foni ikaitwa kana kugamuchirwa munyika iyoyo.

Mitemo Yekutumira Data Pakati PeMiganho YeNyika

Section 29 yeCyber and Data Protection Act inotonga kutumirwa kwedata yemunhu (kusanganisira marekodhi) kunze kweZimbabwe. Kutumirwa kunoyambuka miganho kunobvumidzwa chete kana:

• Munhu ane data apa mvumo yakananga kutumirwa uku uye mvumo iyi ichitaura nyika inoendeswa.
• Kutumirwa kunodikanwa kuti sungano nemunhu ane data ishande.
• Zvinofarira ruzhinji zvinoda kutumirwa uku.
• Nyika inoendeswa inopa chiyero chakakwana chekudzivirira data.

Masangano anochengeta marekodhi eZimbabwe pamasevha ecloud ari kunze kweZimbabwe anofanira kuzivisa POTRAZ isati yatanga kutumirwa uye kuve nechokwadi kuti nyika inoendeswa inokwana muyedzo wekudzivirira wakakwana. Kutadza kuteerera Section 29 kutyora mutemo wekushandisa data kunotongwa nemabasa ekushandisa mutemo aPOTRAZ.

Kuchengetwa MuCloud Nekushandiswa Kure

Mabhizinesi mazhinji anoshandisa masevhisi ecloud ari kuUnited States, Europe, kana South Africa kuchengetedza marekodhi emafoni nezvirekodhi zvemisangano yevhidhiyo. Pasi peCDPA, kufambisa marekodhi evagari veZimbabwe kuburikidza nemasevha ari kunze kwenyika kunova kutumirwa kwedata kunoyambuka miganho kunoda kuzivisa POTRAZ. Chero sungano yekushandisa data nemupi wecloud wekunze inofanira kusanganisira zvikamu zinotaura zvinodikanwa nemutemo weZimbabwe.

Marangiro Nekukurumidza

Rondedzero Yezvinodikanwa Kubhizinesi

Masangano anoshanda muZimbabwe anorekodha chero rudzi rwekutaurirana anofanira kutora matanho anotevera.

Wana rezinesi yemutariri wedata. Kubvira 12 Kurume 2025, chero sangano rinoshandisa data yevanhu vanosvika makumi mashanu (50) kana kupfuura, kusanganisira kuburikidza nemarekodhi emafoni, mifananidzo yeCCTV, kana marekodhi emisangano, rinofanira kuve nerezinesi yePOTRAZ. Kushanda pasina iyo mhosva yepamutemo wehutongi ine marangiro anosvika makore manomwe mujeri.

Gadza Data Protection Officer. DPO anofanira kuve nemazivo ane hukama emutemo, data science, kana kuchengetedzeka kweruzivo, uye anofanira kupedza kudzidziswa kwecheki paHarare Institute of Technology. Kutadza kugadza DPO mushure me12 Zvita 2024 kune mhosva yakasiyana yepamutemo wehutongi.

Isa nzira dzekuzivisa nezvemarekodhi. Semunhu ari mukati mehurukuro, unogona kuirekodha pasi pemutemo wemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete. Kana sangano rako richirekodha mafoni kana misangano ine vamwe nenzira yakarongwa, vanhu ivavo vanofanira kuwana zivisano yakajeka yezvinorekodhwa, sei, uye marekodhi achashandiswa sei, kunyangwe mvumo yevanhu vese isingadikanwi nemutemo pachiito chekurekodha.

Teerera zvinodikanwa zvekutumira data kuyambuka miganho. Kana marekodhi achichengetwa pamasevha ecloud ari kunze kweZimbabwe, zivisa POTRAZ usati watanga kutumira uye simbisa kuti nyika inoendeswa inopa kudzivirira data kwakakwana.

Dzivisa kuparadzira kwemarekodhi. Chiito chekurekodha chinogona kunge chakabvumidzwa pasi pemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete; kuparadzira rekodhi iyoyo pasina mvumo yemunhu akarekodhwa kunogona kukonzeresa Section 164A yeCDPA. Isa mitemo yemukati pamusoro pekuti marekodhi api anogona kugoverwa uye kuna ani.

Wana rezinesi yeBroadcasting Authority kana uchiparadzira marekodhi paindaneti. Broadcasting Services Amendment Act 2025 (No. 2 ya2025, yakaburitswa muGazette musi wa23 Chivabvu 2025) inounza kufambisa nhau kwepaindaneti, kusanganisira mapodcast nekuratidza-live pasocial media ane marekodhi, mukati memitemo yeBroadcasting Authority of Zimbabwe. Masangano anowanzoparadzira zvirimo zvakarekodhwa kuburikidza nemapuratifomu epaindaneti anofanira kuongorora kana rezinesi ichidikanwa.

Tsanangura mitemo yekuchengeta nekudzima. Gadzira mitemo yakanyorwa inotaura kwenguva yakareba sei marekodhi achachengetwa uye simbisa kudzimwa nenzira yakarongwa pakupera penguva yega yega yekuchengeta.

Shuma kuputika kwedata nekukurumidza. Chero kuputika kune chekuita nemarekodhi kunofanira kushumwa kuPOTRAZ mukati meawa dzinosvika 24. Apo kuputika kunoisa njodzi huru kuvanhu, vanhu ivavo vanofanira kuzivswa mukati meawa dzinosvika 72.

Dzidzisa vashandi pamusoro penjodzi yepamutemo wehutongi. Vashandi vanobata marekodhi vanofanira kunzwisisa musiyano uri pakati pekurekodha kwakabvumidzwa nemunhu ari mukati (kwakabvumidzwa pasi pemvumo yemunhu mumwe chete), kuteererwa kwemunhu wechitatu pasina mvumo (kwakarambidzwa pasi peICA), uye kuparadzira marekodhi pasina mvumo (kunogona kunge kwakarambidzwa pasi peSection 164A ne164B yeCDPA).

Zivikanwa: Chinyorwa ichi chinopa ruzivo rwakajairika rwemutemo pamusoro pemitemo yekurekodha yeZimbabwe kubvira muna Chivabvu 2026. Harisi zano remutemo uye harisi kutaura nezvemamiriro ako chaiwo. Mamiriro emutemo eZimbabwe ari kuramba achishanduka nemitemo mitsva nemaitiro ekushandisa mutemo asingaratidzwe pano. Taura negweta rine rezinesi rekushanda muZimbabwe kuti riwane zano nezvemamiriro ako chaiwo.