How Long Is a Life Sentence in Michigan? (2026 Guide)

In Michigan, first-degree murder under MCL 750.316 carries mandatory life without parole, with no parole eligibility and no good-time credits. Second-degree murder under MCL 750.317 carries life or any term of years, with parole eligibility after approximately 15 years. The degree of the offense determines whether a life sentence is permanent.

This article was last reviewed and updated on March 17, 2026. All statutes, case law, and sentencing data have been verified against current Michigan government sources.

In Michigan, a life sentence means exactly what it says for first-degree murder: life in prison without the possibility of parole. There are no good-time credits, no earned release, and no scheduled parole hearing. The only ways out are executive clemency from the governor or a successful court challenge.

For second-degree murder, however, a life sentence works differently. The court may impose life or any term of years, and parole eligibility begins after approximately 15 years. This distinction makes Michigan's system a two-track framework where the degree of murder determines whether a life sentence is truly permanent.

Michigan also holds a unique place in legal history. In 1847, it became the first English-speaking government in the world to abolish the death penalty. It has never executed a single person since achieving statehood in 1837. That distinction shapes everything about how Michigan approaches its most serious sentences.

Michigan Life Sentence Statutes

Michigan's criminal code defines three primary categories of homicide, each carrying different sentencing ranges.

First-Degree Murder (MCL 750.316): First-degree murder includes premeditated murder, felony murder (a killing during the commission of certain enumerated felonies), and murder of a peace officer. Conviction carries a mandatory sentence of life without parole (LWOP). For adult defendants the judge has no discretion to impose a lesser sentence. The statute itself excepts defendants covered by MCL 769.25 and 769.25a (offenders under 18), and Michigan courts have since extended individualized sentencing to offenders who were 18 to 20 at the time of the offense (see the 2025 section below).

Second-Degree Murder (MCL 750.317): Second-degree murder covers all other murders that do not meet the specific elements of first-degree murder. This includes intentional killings without premeditation and killings resulting from conduct showing a wanton and willful disregard for human life. The sentence is life or any term of years, giving judges significant discretion.

Manslaughter (MCL 750.321): Voluntary manslaughter, killing in the heat of passion or upon adequate provocation, carries a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison. Involuntary manslaughter carries a maximum of 15 years as well, depending on the circumstances.

Felony Murder in Michigan

Michigan's felony murder rule applies when a death occurs during the commission of certain enumerated felonies. Under MCL 750.316(1)(b), felony murder is classified as first-degree murder and carries mandatory LWOP.

The enumerated felonies include arson, first- through third-degree criminal sexual conduct, first-degree child abuse, a major controlled substance offense, robbery, carjacking, breaking and entering a dwelling, first- or second-degree home invasion, larceny of any kind, extortion, kidnapping, first- or second-degree vulnerable adult abuse, torture, aggravated stalking, and unlawful imprisonment. Unlike states with broader felony murder rules, Michigan limits its rule to this statutory list. However, the mandatory LWOP penalty makes Michigan's felony murder consequences among the most severe in the nation.

Parole Eligibility

Parole eligibility in Michigan depends entirely on the specific offense and the sentence imposed.

First-degree murder (LWOP): No parole eligibility. The sentence is permanent. The Michigan Parole Board does not schedule hearings for LWOP prisoners. The only avenues for release are executive clemency from the governor or a successful legal challenge that overturns the conviction or sentence.

Second-degree murder (life or any term of years): Parole eligibility typically begins after serving 15 years of a life sentence. The Michigan Parole Board reviews the case and considers the nature of the offense, institutional behavior, risk assessment, and release plan.

Second-degree murder (term of years): When a judge imposes a specific term rather than life, parole eligibility is determined by the minimum sentence. Michigan uses indeterminate sentencing, meaning the judge sets a minimum and maximum, and parole eligibility begins at the minimum.

Manslaughter: Parole eligibility is determined by the minimum sentence imposed under Michigan's sentencing guidelines. Our guide to Michigan manslaughter laws explains how voluntary and involuntary manslaughter are defined and charged.

The Michigan Parole Board

The Michigan Parole Board is a 10-member board appointed by the director of the Michigan Department of Corrections. For life-sentenced inmates serving second-degree murder sentences, parole hearings are conducted near the 15-year mark. If denied, the board sets a new review date.

Michigan's parole rate for lifers has historically been low. Many inmates serving life sentences for second-degree murder serve well beyond 15 years before receiving parole, and some are never released.

First to Abolish the Death Penalty: A Landmark in Legal History

Michigan's abolition of the death penalty is one of the most significant events in the history of criminal justice, yet it remains surprisingly underappreciated nationally and internationally.

The 1847 Abolition

On March 1, 1847, Michigan became the first English-speaking government in the world to abolish the death penalty for murder and all crimes except treason. This was 18 years before Portugal (often incorrectly cited as the first abolitionist country) and decades before any European nation took similar action.

Why Michigan Abolished Capital Punishment

The catalyst was the 1830 execution of Stephen Simmons in Wayne County. Simmons was convicted of murdering his wife while intoxicated. The public execution drew thousands, and the spectacle generated widespread revulsion.

Evidence later emerged suggesting Simmons may have been innocent. The combination of a likely wrongful execution and the brutality of public hangings galvanized a reform movement that succeeded in 1847.

Constitutional Protection

In 1963, Michigan elevated its death penalty ban to constitutional status. Article IV, Section 46 of the Michigan Constitution states: "No law shall be enacted providing for the penalty of death."

Unlike states where the death penalty was abolished by statute, Michigan would need a constitutional amendment, requiring a two-thirds vote of both chambers and voter approval, to bring back capital punishment.

Never Executed Since Statehood

Michigan achieved statehood in 1837 and has never carried out an execution as a state. While there was one federal execution on Michigan soil (Anthony Chebatoris in 1938, under federal authority), the state has maintained its abolitionist stance for nearly 190 years. Without the death penalty, LWOP serves as Michigan's most severe punishment.

2025 Expansion: People v. Taylor, People v. Czarnecki, and Under-21 Protections

In April 2025, the Michigan Supreme Court issued two landmark rulings, decided nine days apart, that dramatically expanded who qualifies for relief from LWOP sentences. People v. Poole (April 1, 2025) held that the court's 2022 ruling in People v. Parks, which found mandatory LWOP unconstitutional for 18-year-olds, applies retroactively to people already sentenced. People v. Taylor and People v. Czarnecki (April 10, 2025, decided together) went further, extending the mandatory-LWOP ban itself to 19- and 20-year-olds.

The Ruling

In People v. Taylor and People v. Czarnecki, the court extended protections previously available only to offenders who were 18 at the time of their crime to young adults ages 19 and 20. The court held that neuroscience research on brain development, particularly the fact that the prefrontal cortex does not fully mature until the mid-20s, supports treating young adults differently from fully mature offenders.

This built on the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Miller v. Alabama (2012), which banned mandatory LWOP for juveniles, on Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016), which held that ban retroactive, including for sentences that were already final, and on the Michigan Supreme Court's own 2022 ruling in People v. Parks, which extended that ban to 18-year-olds under the state constitution. Michigan went further still by extending similar protections to young adults up to age 21.

Impact: Approximately 600 People Eligible for Resentencing

The Taylor and Czarnecki decisions made approximately 600 people (the State Appellate Defender Office counts 582) currently serving LWOP sentences in Michigan eligible for resentencing. These are individuals who were 19 or 20 years old when they committed the offenses for which they received mandatory LWOP. The separate Poole ruling extends resentencing eligibility to an additional group of people who were 18 at the time of their offense, for a combined total of more than 800 people affected by the two rulings.

Resentencing does not guarantee release. Each eligible person must undergo an individualized hearing considering the nature of the offense, age at the time, maturity level, rehabilitation during incarceration, and victim input. But for individuals who have spent decades in prison for offenses committed as teenagers, it opens a meaningful pathway.

Notable Cases

James and Jennifer Crumbley: Parents Convicted for School Shooting (2024)

In a case that made national and international headlines, James and Jennifer Crumbley became the first parents in American history convicted of involuntary manslaughter for a mass school shooting committed by their child.

Their son, Ethan Crumbley, killed four students and wounded seven others at Oxford High School in Oakland County, Michigan, on November 30, 2021. He was 15 years old at the time and pleaded guilty to first-degree murder, receiving a sentence of life without parole.

Prosecutors successfully argued that the parents were grossly negligent in giving their son access to a firearm despite clear warning signs, including disturbing writings and drawings found at school on the day of the shooting. Both parents were convicted in separate trials in 2024 and sentenced to 10 to 15 years in prison.

The Crumbley cases established a new legal precedent. No previous American prosecution had successfully held parents criminally liable for a mass shooting carried out by their child.

Larry Nassar: 40 to 175 Years (2018)

Larry Nassar, the former USA Gymnastics and Michigan State University team doctor, was sentenced to 40 to 175 years in Michigan state prison after pleading guilty to seven counts of criminal sexual conduct in the first degree. The sentencing hearing was extraordinary in its scope: more than 150 survivors delivered victim impact statements over seven days.

Nassar also received a concurrent federal sentence of 60 years for child pornography charges.

The case prompted sweeping reforms at Michigan State University, USA Gymnastics, and the United States Olympic Committee.

Ethan Crumbley: Juvenile LWOP (2023)

Ethan Crumbley, the Oxford High School shooter, pleaded guilty to first-degree murder and was sentenced to life without parole in 2023. He was 15 at the time of the shooting and 17 at sentencing. The court conducted the individualized hearing required by Miller v. Alabama and determined that LWOP was appropriate given the severity of the offense.

Recent Legislative and Legal Changes

Beyond the Taylor, Czarnecki, and Poole decisions, Michigan lawmakers have introduced legislation to codify the courts' rulings and extend protections to young offenders. Proposals include mandatory consideration of age-related mitigating factors for all defendants under 26.

Michigan has also been part of a broader bipartisan reform movement, including expanded sentencing guidelines, increased parole review access, and additional reentry support programs.

Juvenile Life Sentences in Michigan

Following the U.S. Supreme Court's decisions in Miller v. Alabama (2012) and Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016), Michigan conducted resentencing hearings for all juveniles sentenced to mandatory LWOP. Many had served decades in prison.

The Michigan Legislature codified these protections, and the 2025 rulings in People v. Poole (retroactivity for 18-year-olds) and People v. Taylor / People v. Czarnecki (extending the ban to 19- and 20-year-olds) together extended them to offenders under 21. Michigan now effectively treats all offenders under 21 as eligible for individualized sentencing rather than automatic LWOP, making it one of the most progressive states on young offender sentencing.

Advocates continue to push for further expansion to offenders under 25 or 26, in line with the neuroscience consensus on prefrontal cortex maturity.

Historical Context

Michigan's criminal justice history is shaped by its early and unwavering commitment to abolishing the death penalty.

1837, Statehood: Michigan becomes a state. No executions are carried out under state authority from this point forward.

1847, Death penalty abolished: Michigan becomes the first English-speaking government in the world to abolish the death penalty for murder and all crimes except treason. The law takes effect on March 1, 1847.

1963, Constitutional ban: Michigan voters ratify a new state constitution that includes Article IV, Section 46, permanently banning the death penalty. The provision reads: "No law shall be enacted providing for the penalty of death."

2012, Miller v. Alabama: The U.S. Supreme Court bans mandatory LWOP for juveniles. Michigan begins resentencing proceedings for affected individuals.

2016, Montgomery v. Louisiana: The Supreme Court makes Miller retroactive. Michigan identifies and processes additional cases.

2021, Oxford High School shooting: The mass shooting at Oxford High School leads to the Crumbley cases and sparks renewed debates about gun access, parental responsibility, and juvenile sentencing.

2025, People v. Taylor and People v. Czarnecki: The Michigan Supreme Court extends the mandatory-LWOP ban to offenders who were 19-20 at the time of their offense, making approximately 600 people eligible for new hearings. A separate ruling the same month, People v. Poole, makes the 2022 ban on mandatory LWOP for 18-year-olds retroactive.

Michigan Life Sentence at a Glance

Related Pages

• How Long Is a Life Sentence? State-by-State Guide
• How Long Is a Life Sentence in California?
• How Long Is a Life Sentence in Georgia?
• Murder Sentencing Guidelines for Every State
• What Is the Difference Between Murder, Homicide, and Manslaughter?

Frequently Asked Questions

How long is a life sentence in Michigan?

For first-degree murder in Michigan, a life sentence means life without parole (LWOP). There is no parole eligibility. For second-degree murder, a life sentence carries parole eligibility after approximately 15 years. The degree of murder determines whether a life sentence is truly permanent or offers a path to eventual release.

Does Michigan have the death penalty?

No. Michigan was the first English-speaking government in the world to abolish the death penalty in 1847 and has never executed anyone since statehood in 1837. The Michigan Constitution permanently bans capital punishment, meaning it cannot be reinstated by simple legislation. It would require a constitutional amendment.

What did the People v. Taylor and People v. Czarnecki decisions change in 2025?

The Michigan Supreme Court's April 2025 rulings in People v. Taylor and People v. Czarnecki extended the mandatory-LWOP ban to individuals who were 19 or 20 years old at the time of their offense. This made approximately 600 people serving LWOP sentences eligible for individualized resentencing hearings. A separate ruling the same month, People v. Poole, made the court's earlier ban on mandatory LWOP for 18-year-olds retroactive, adding still more people to the resentencing pool.

Can a juvenile get life without parole in Michigan?

Michigan has effectively banned juvenile life without parole (JLWOP). Following the U.S. Supreme Court's Miller v. Alabama ruling and the Michigan Supreme Court's decisions in People v. Parks, People v. Poole, People v. Taylor, and People v. Czarnecki, mandatory LWOP is unconstitutional for offenders under 21. All such offenders are entitled to individualized sentencing hearings that consider age-related mitigating factors.

What happened in the Crumbley parents case?

James and Jennifer Crumbley became the first parents in American history convicted of involuntary manslaughter for a mass school shooting committed by their child. Their son Ethan killed four students at Oxford High School in 2021. Both parents were convicted in 2024 and sentenced to 10 to 15 years in prison for gross negligence in providing their son access to a firearm despite clear warning signs.