Mitemo Yekunyomba muZimbabwe: Nyaya Dzekumhan'ara Nekuzvidzivirira

Kunyomba muZimbabwe zvino inyaya yekumhan'arirwa mari yekuripwa chete. Constitutional Court yakati mhosva yekunyomba yepamutemo wehutongi (criminal defamation) yaipesana neMutemo Mukuru mune Madanhire v Attorney General muna 2014, uye muna Kukadzi 2016 yakasimbisazve kuti chikamu 96 cheCriminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act chakanga chisisina simba (void) pasi peMutemo Mukuru wa2013. Naizvozvo, munhu akanyombwa anomhan'arira mari yekuripwa maererano nemutemo wechinyakare weRoman-Dutch common law.

Kunyomba muZimbabwe: Inyaya Yekumhan'arirwa Here kana Mhosva Yehutongi?

Kunyomba muZimbabwe zvino inyaya yekumhan'arirwa chete. Mhosva yekunyomba yepamutemo wehutongi yakabviswa neConstitutional Court. Mune Madanhire v Attorney General (CCZ 2/14), yakatongwa muna 2014, dare rizere (full bench) rakati mhosva yekunyomba iri muchikamu 96 cheCriminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act yaipesana nerusununguko rwekutaura rwakavimbiswa neMutemo Mukuru uye yakanga isina musimboti wakakodzera munyika ine demokrasi, sezvo nyaya dzekumhan'arirwa dzekunyomba dzakatodzivirira mukurumbira wevanhu. Dare rakazotsanangura kuti mavonero aya akanga apihwa pasi peMutemo Mukuru wekare, uye musi wa6 Kukadzi 2016 Constitutional Court yakasimbisa, munyaya yeMISA-Zimbabwe, kuti chikamu 96 chakanga chisisina simba, kunyangwe pasi peMutemo Mukuru wa2013. Nekuda kweizvi, munhu ane mukurumbira wakuvadzwa muZimbabwe nhasi anotsvaka mari yekuripwa nezvimwe zvirongwa zvekumhan'arirwa panzvimbo pekuti apomerwe nehutongi.

Chii Chinonzi Kunyomba?

Maererano nemutemo wechinyakare weRoman-Dutch common law unoshandiswa muZimbabwe, kunyomba kunoreva kuburitswa kwakaipa uye kwaitwa nemaune kwemashoko anokuvadza mukurumbira wemunhu ari kumhan'ara. Shoko rinonzi rinokuvadza mukurumbira kana richidzikisira mumhan'ari pameso pevanhu vanofunga zvakarurama munzanga, kana kuita kuti avengwe, azvidzwe kana kusekwa. Mumhan'ari anofanira kuratidza kuti mashoko aya aitaura nezvake uye akaburitswa kumunhu mumwe zvake kunze kwake. Kana kuburitswa kwemashoko anokuvadza mukurumbira kwaratidzwa, mutemo unofungidzira kuti kuburitswa uku kwaiva kwakaipa uye kwaitwa nemaune, uye mutoro wekuratidza unopfuurira kumumhan'ari-mhosva kuti asimudzire nzira yekuzvidzivirira yakabvumidzwa. Mutemo wechinyakare hauite musiyano wakasimba pakati pelibel neslander sezvinoitwa nemutemo weChirungu; kunyomba kwakanyorwa nekwakataurwa zvose zvinogona kumhan'arirwa pasi pemhosva imwe chete yekunyomba, chikamu chemutemo mukuru weactio injuriarum unodzivirira mukurumbira nechiremerera.

Mhosva Yekunyomba Yepamutemo Wehutongi: Yakabviswa neConstitutional Court

Zimbabwe haichina mhosva yekunyomba yepamutemo wehutongi. Tafura inotevera inopa pfupiso yezvisarudzo zveMutemo Mukuru zvakabvisa mhosva iyi.

Ngwarira: Kupera kwemhosva yekunyomba yepamutemo wehutongi hakureve kuti kutaura kunokuvadza mukurumbira kwave kwakabvumidzwa nemutemo. Zvinoreva kuti gadziriso yacho zvino inyaya yekumhan'arirwa. Munhu akanyombwa anogona kuramba achimhan'ara mari huru yekuripwa, uye mimwe mitemo yehutongi isina hukama nekunyomba kwakajairika inogona kushanda pamaitiro akati kutewo.

Ndeapi Nzira Dzekuzvidzivirira Dzinowanikwa?

Mumhan'ari-mhosva munyaya yekumhan'arirwa nekuda kwekunyomba muZimbabwe anogona kuramba fungidziro dzekuti akaita zvakaipa uye nemaune nekusimudzira nzira yekuzvidzivirira yakabvumidzwa. Chokwadi chakaburitswa kuti chibatsire ruzhinji inzira yakakwana yekuzvidzivirira, inoda kuti shoko rive chokwadi zvakakwana uye kuti kuburitswa kwaro kwaifarira ruzhinji. Mavonero akarurama anodzivirira maonero anobva pamwoyo pamusoro penyaya inofarira ruzhinji, achibva pazviitiko zviri chokwadi kana zvine privilege. Privilege inodzivirira mashoko akataurwa panguva dzakadzivirirwa, kusanganisira absolute privilege pane zviitiko zveparamende nedzedare, uye qualified privilege apo pane basa kana kufarira kutaurirana, chero pasina maune akaipa. Matare eZimbabwe, achitorawo maonero emitemo yenzvimbo, akatozivisawo nzira yekuzvidzivirira yekuburitswa nenzira yakarurama panyaya dzinofarira ruzhinji, iyo inogona kudzivirira kushuma kwakanaka kwenhau kunyangwe shoko risina kuratidzwa senechokwadi.

Gadziriso Nemari Yekuripwa

Gadziriso huru yenyaya dzekumhan'arirwa mari yekuripwa inoripwa kumumhan'ari kuti amudzivirire pakukuvadzwa kwemukurumbira wake uye kusimbisazve zita rake rakanaka. Matare eZimbabwe anopa general damages, isingadi humbowo hwekurasikirwa kwakati pakunyomba, uye anogona kupa special damages apo kurasikirwa kwemari chaiko kwaratidzwa. Hapana muganho wakaiswa nemutemo, uye mari inoripwa inoratidza zvinhu zvakaita seukuru hwepomero, huwandu hwekuburitswa, chinzvimbo chevanhu vari mairi, uye maitiro emumhan'ari-mhosva, kusanganisira kuregerera kana kuramba kudzosa mashoko. Matare anogonawo kupa interdict yekudzivisa kuburitswa kunopfuurira kana kunotyisidzirwa, iyo inowanzoshandiswa munyaya dzepaindaneti apo chinodiwa chikuru ndechekubvisa zvinyorwa izvi. Kuregerera kana kudzosa mashoko hazvibvisi mhosva zvachose, asi zvinogona kudzikisa zvakanyanya mari inoripwa.

Nguva Yakaganhurirwa Yekumhan'ara

Nyaya yekumhan'arirwa nekuda kwekunyomba muZimbabwe inosungirwa nePrescription Act. Maererano nePrescription Act, nguva yakajairika yekusungirwa kwechikwereti chakadai, kusanganisira nyaya dzedelict dzakaita sekunyomba, makore matatu, achitanga kuverengwa kubva pazuva rakamuka mhaka, uyo kazhinji ndiro zuva rekuburitswa kwemashoko. Mumhan'ari anorega nguva yemakore matatu ichipfuura anotyisidzirwa nekuti nyaya yake ingapera nekuda kwePrescription Act, saka kukurumidza kuita zvinhu kwakakosha. Nguva iyi inogona kumiswa kwenguva pfupi kana, mune zviitiko zvakati, kunonoswa, semuenzaniso apo mumhan'ari asingazivi kuti mumhan'ari-mhosva ndiani, asi munhu akanyombwa anofanira kutora nguva yemakore matatu senguva yekushanda nayo uye kutanga nyaya iri munguva iyoyo zvakakwana.

Kunyomba Paindaneti Nepamasocial Media

Mashoko anokuvadza mukurumbira akaburitswa paindaneti muZimbabwe anogona kumhan'arirwa nenzira imwe chete sekuburitswa kumwe. Positi inokuvadza mukurumbira paFacebook, X, WhatsApp kana pablog inogona kuva musimboti wenyaya yekumhan'arirwa mari yekuripwa uye interdict, uye munhu anoisa shoko iri, pamwe nevanoridzokorora kana kuriparadzanisa, vanogona kuva nemhosva maererano nemitemo yechinyakare yekuburitswa, kunongedzera nekuzvidzivirira. Sezvo mhosva yepamutemo wehutongi yekunyomba yakabviswa, kunyomba paindaneti kunogadziriswa nenzira yekumhan'arirwa kwete kupomerwa mhosva pakutaura kwakajairika kunokuvadza mukurumbira, kunyangwe mimwe mitemo ingashandiswa pamaitiro akasiyana akadai semhosva dzedata kana cyber. Matare anoshandisa fungidziro nenzira dzekuzvidzivirira dzakafanana pazvinyorwa zvepaindaneti uye anogona kurayira kuti zvinyorwa izvi zvibviswe sechikamu chegadziriso.

Nyaya Yekunyomba Inotangwa Sei

Nyaya yekumhan'arirwa nekuda kwekunyomba inotangwa mumagistrates court kana muHigh Court, zvichienderana nemari yekuripwa inodiwa uye gadziriso inodiwa. Nyaya inowanzotanga nekutumira tsamba yekudomba inokumbira kudzoswa kwemashoko, kuregerera nemari yekuripwa, ichitevedzwa nesummons kana nyaya isina kugadziriswa. Mumhan'ari anorondedzera mashoko anokuvadza mukurumbira, zvaanoreva, kunongedzera kwake, uye kuburitswa kwawo kumunhu wechitatu, uye mumhan'ari-mhosva anosimudzira nzira dzekuzvidzivirira dzakaita sechokwadi nekubatsira ruzhinji, mavonero akarurama kana privilege. Apo kukuvadzwa kunopfuurira kunofanira kumiswa, chikumbiro chekukurumidza cheinterdict chinogona kuitwa kuti chidzivise kuburitswa kunotevera kana kumanikidza kubviswa kwezvinyorwa zvepaindaneti. Nguva yemakore matatu yePrescription Act inoisa muganho wekupedzisira wekutanga nyaya.