Utah Debt Collection Laws: The 25% Cap, the 15% Student Loan Break, and What Third-Party Payments Do

In a Utah consumer credit case, a creditor cannot garnish your wages before winning a judgment against you. Utah Consumer Credit Code Sec. 70C-7-102 says so directly: prior to entry of judgment in an action against a debtor relating to a consumer credit agreement, the creditor may not attach unpaid earnings by garnishment or like proceedings. Most Utah garnishments trace back to a default judgment entered because the person sued never answered, so filing an answer is the single highest-value move available once you are served. Once a judgment exists, Utah runs a fairly standard 25% cap, with two genuine wrinkles: a lower cap for education-loan debt, and a statute of limitations that can restart from a payment made by someone other than you.

Wage Garnishment in Utah: The 25% Cap and the Education-Loan Break

Utah's consumer-credit garnishment formula, Sec. 70C-7-103, is the lesser of three numbers: 25% of disposable earnings for the pay period, the amount by which disposable earnings exceed 30 hours a week multiplied by the federal minimum hourly wage (about $217.50 a week at today's $7.25 federal minimum), or, if the judgment relates to an education loan, 15% of disposable earnings. That last tier is a genuine break most states do not offer, cutting the maximum bite nearly in half for education-loan judgments specifically. General, non-consumer-credit judgments run through a separate court rule (Utah Rule of Civil Procedure 64D) that this research could not independently open live; the same underlying 25%/30x-federal-minimum-wage structure appears in Utah's tax-levy statute, so the formulas likely track each other, but the rule's exact text should be checked directly before relying on it for a non-consumer-credit judgment.

Utah has no separate head-of-household wage exemption and no automatic dollar-amount bank-account shield. Instead, the Utah Exemptions Act protects specific categories regardless of household status: disability, illness, and unemployment benefits; veterans' benefits; money and the right to receive money for child support, which carries no reasonableness limit; alimony or separate maintenance, but only to the extent reasonably necessary for the support of the debtor and the debtor's dependents; retirement accounts, including inherited IRAs; and the full amount of any federal tax refund tied to the Earned Income Tax Credit or Child Tax Credit. Outside those categories, Sec. 78B-5-506 protects $1,000 in each of four separate household categories, furniture and furnishings, dining and kitchen tables and chairs, animals, books and musical instruments, and heirlooms or items of sentimental value, so up to $4,000 of household property in total rather than a single $1,000 pool. Tools of the trade ($5,000) and one motor vehicle ($3,000) are protected on top of that.

Utah's tax-levy garnishment does not exceed the ordinary formula. The State Tax Commission's own wage-levy statute, Sec. 59-1-1420, caps at the same lesser of 25% or the excess over 30 times the federal minimum wage that applies to consumer-credit judgments, so a state tax garnishment in Utah is not harsher than an ordinary one. Firing protection is limited to a single judgment: Sec. 70C-7-104 bars discharging an employee whose earnings were garnished «in connection with any one judgment», the same one-debt scope as federal law, with no extension to a second garnishment.

How Long Can You Be Sued in Utah, and What Restarts the Clock

Utah's written-contract statute of limitations runs six years under Sec. 78B-2-309(1)(b). Oral contracts and open accounts get four years under Sec. 78B-2-307. Utah does not name credit cards specifically in its statutes; the existing statute-of-limitations page for the state treats cards as a four-year open account, but a special accrual rule for «credit agreements» under Sec. 78B-2-309(2) suggests a written six-year treatment could apply instead. That characterization is a matter of case law this research did not resolve, so do not assume either number without checking a Utah appellate decision.

What is settled by statute, and genuinely unusual, is how the clock restarts. Utah Code Sec. 78B-2-113 lets the limitations period run fresh from the date of a written acknowledgment or promise, or from the date of a payment made by the debtor. For a credit agreement specifically, Sec. 78B-2-309(2) goes further: the clock can also restart from a payment made by a THIRD PARTY, not just the debtor. That means someone else paying down your Utah credit debt, a family member covering a payment, for example, can extend the window a creditor has to sue you, even though you made no payment and signed nothing yourself.

Once a Utah debt is genuinely time-barred, though, it stays that way. Sec. 78B-2-113(2) says the barred right is unavailable both as a cause of action and as a defense, meaning the claim does not come back later. And a time-barred debt is never an erased one in the meantime: a collector can still ask you to pay it, while federal Regulation F only forbids suing or threatening suit once the deadline has passed.

Car Repossession in Utah: A Real Break for Small-Balance Sales

Utah enacted the standard UCC self-help rule at Sec. 70A-9a-609: after default, a secured lender may repossess a vehicle without going to court as long as it does not breach the peace. No statutory notice-of-cure requirement was found anywhere in the part of the Utah Consumer Credit Code governing these loans, which is consistent with Utah being a straight self-help state for ordinary vehicle repossession.

Where Utah stands out is on small-balance consumer sales. Sec. 70C-7-101 bars any deficiency after repossession or voluntary surrender when the underlying consumer credit sale had a cash price of $3,000 or less, meaning giving up the collateral, or having it repossessed, fully satisfies the debt. The same section blocks a seller from having it both ways: if the seller sues on the debt instead of repossessing, it cannot also take back the collateral, and the collateral is not subject to execution on the judgment. The protection has real exceptions, including significant damage to the goods or the buyer's refusal to surrender them, and a creditor is never obligated to accept a voluntary surrender in the first place. Above $3,000, the standard UCC deficiency rules under Sec. 70A-9a-615 apply.

If You Are Being Garnished or Sued in Utah

If you are served with a debt lawsuit in Utah, answer it. A default judgment opens every collection tool at once and forfeits defenses, including an expired statute of limitations, that a court will not raise on your own behalf. If a garnishment has started, confirm which formula applies, the 15% education-loan tier is a meaningful difference from the ordinary 25% cap, and remember that Utah law bars any wage garnishment before a judgment exists in a consumer credit case. If the debt is old, be cautious about payments, both yours and anyone else's on your behalf, since Utah's third-party-payment rule can restart the clock in a way most states' laws do not. And if judgments are piling up faster than any single step can resolve, bankruptcy's automatic stay halts collection activity while the larger financial picture gets sorted out.

Information last verified on 2026-08-12. This article has not yet been reviewed by a licensed lawyer.

Related Resources

For the national picture, see debt collection laws by state, statute of limitations on debt, how to stop wage garnishment, and car repossession laws. Social Security and other federal benefits have their own protection rules, covered in can Social Security be garnished. For deadlines on other Utah claim types, see the Utah statute of limitations. Child support garnishment is a separate, higher-priority process, covered in Utah child support laws. If the debts themselves have become unmanageable, Utah bankruptcy explains the state's exemptions.

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Last updated: 2026-08-12.

More Utah Laws

• Utah Final Paycheck Laws
• Utah Statute of Limitations
• Utah Unclaimed Property

Frequently Asked Questions

What percentage of my wages can be garnished in Utah?

For consumer credit judgments, the lesser of 25% of disposable earnings, the amount above 30 times the federal minimum hourly wage, or 15% if the judgment is on an education loan. Utah also bars any wage garnishment before a judgment is entered in a consumer credit case.

Can a payment from someone else restart the clock on my Utah debt?

For a credit agreement, yes. Utah Code Sec. 78B-2-309(2) allows the statute of limitations to restart from a payment made by a third party, not just the debtor, which is unusual among states.

What is the statute of limitations on debt in Utah?

Six years for written contracts under Sec. 78B-2-309, four years for oral contracts and open accounts under Sec. 78B-2-307. Whether credit card debt counts as written or open-account is not settled by statute text alone and depends on Utah case law.

Does Utah require notice before repossessing my car?

No statutory cure period was found for ordinary consumer vehicle loans; Utah follows the standard UCC self-help rule. But on consumer credit sales with a cash price of $3,000 or less, Sec. 70C-7-101 bars any deficiency after repossession or surrender entirely.

Is there a lower garnishment cap for student loans in Utah?

Yes, for private education-loan judgments under the Utah Consumer Credit Code, the cap drops to 15% of disposable earnings instead of the standard 25%.

Can I be fired for a wage garnishment in Utah?

No employer may discharge you because your earnings were garnished for any one judgment, per Sec. 70C-7-104. That protection covers a single judgment, matching federal law, and does not extend automatically to a second, unrelated garnishment.